This article seeks to understand whether the legal policies and advances of women’s movements have resulted in women’s entitlement to land and whether the land reforms carried out from the 1970s to the 1990s have weakened the grip of patriarchy and increased women’s capability and land-related decision-making power. We examine these questions by looking at (i) women as producers of agricultural goods and participants in the market economy and (ii) women as partial or full owners of land and the impact of this on decision-making. In both cases, there is the role of women as managers of productive assets, which is different from their former and traditional status as dependent family members.
AbrahamVinoj. (2013). Missing labour or consistent ‘de-feminisation’?Economic and Political Weekly, 48(31), 99–108.
2.
AcemogluDaron, & RobinsonJames A. (2012). Why nations fail, the origins of power, prosperity and poverty. London: Profile Books.
3.
AgarwalBina. (2003). Gender and land rights revisited: Exploring new prospects via the state, family and market. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(1 and 2), 184–224.
4.
AroraSaroj, & SinghiL.C. (2009). Women’s access and rights to land in Uttar Pradesh. In ChowdhryPrem (Ed.), Gender discrimination in land ownership (pp. 314–333). New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
5.
BatliwalaSrilatha. (2012). Changing their world: Concepts and practices of women’s movements. Toronto, Mexico City and Cape Town: AWID-BFEMO. Retrieved 14March2014, from http://www.awid.org/publications/changing-their-world-concepts-and-practices-womens-movements
6.
Fontanella-KhanAmana. (2013). Pink Sari revolution: A tale of women and power in India. London: Macmillan.
7.
Government of India. (2011a). All-India report on agricultural census, 2010–2011. New Delhi: Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture.
8.
IDFC Rural Development Network. (2013). India rural development report 2012–2013. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan.
9.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research. (2012–2013). Annual report. Retrieved 4April2014, from http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/5943
10.
KannanK.P., & ReveendranG. (2012). Counting and profiling the missing labour force. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(6), 43–59.
11.
KelkarGovind. (2013). At the threshold of economic empowerment: Women, work and gender regimes in Asia (Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series, December). New Delhi: International Labour Organization.
12.
KelkarGovind. (2014). The fog of entitlement: Women and land in India. Economic and Political Weekly (EPW), 49(33), 51–58.
13.
KelkarGovind, & KrishnarajM. (Eds). (2013). Women, land and power in Asia. New Delhi: Routledge India.
14.
KelkarGovind, GaikwadShantanu, & MandalSomdatta. (2015). Women’s asset ownership and reduction in gender-based violence. New Delhi: Landesa/Rural Development Institute.
15.
NathanDev, & KelkarGovind. (2005). Chenchu women of Andhra Pradesh, India: Empowerment in the market and household. New Delhi: UNIFEM South Asia Office.
16.
National Sample Survey Organization. (NSSO). (2011). Employment and unemployment situation in India, 2009–2010 (NSS 66th Round). New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
17.
National Sample Survey Organization. (NSSO). (2012). Energy sources of Indian households for cooking and lighting, July 2011–June 2012 (NSS 68th Round). New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
18.
Oxfam and Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group. (2011). Mirror of efforts. Gorakhpur: Kasturi Offset Systems.
19.
PerronsDiane. (2015). Gendering the inequality debate. London: Routledge.
20.
Planning Commission of India. (1980). Sixth five year plan (1980–1985). New Delhi: Government of India.
21.
Planning Commission of India. (2012). Twelfth five year plan (2012–2017). New Delhi: Government of India.
22.
RodgersGerry, & RogersJanine. (2011). Inclusive development: Migration, governance and social change in rural Bihar. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(23), 43–50.
23.
RoySanchari. (2008). Female empowerment through inheritance rights: Evidence from India. Retrieved 5April2014, from http://www.dagliano.unimi.it/media/Faini_Conf2008_final_programme_1.pdf
24.
ScottJames. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25.
ScottJames. (1990). Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
26.
SeebensHolger. (2011). Intra-household bargaining gender roles in agriculture and how to promote welfare enhancing changes (ESA Working Paper No. 11–12). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
27.
SenAmartya (1990). Gender and cooperative conflicts. In TinkerI. (Ed.), Persistent inequalities (pp. 458–500). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
28.
SenAmartya. (2012). Women vigilantism in India: A case study of the Pink Sari gang. Online Encyclopaedia of Mass Violence. Retrieved 14April2014, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulabi_Gang
29.
ShahMihir, RaoRangu, & VijayShankar, P.S. (2009). Rural credit in 20th century India: Overview of history and perspective. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(15), 1351–1364.
30.
UN Women. (2015). Progress of the world’s women, 2015–2016: Transforming economies, realizing rights. New York, NY: United Nations.
31.
World Development Report. (2015). Mind, society and behavior. Washington, DC: World Bank.
