On the basis of an understanding that the crises of core nations are being transferred to developing countries and thus globalized, this article highlights two issues, the ‘sovereignty externalities’ borne by developing countries and the ‘currency–strategy’ of the superpower in financial capitalism. These are the causes of the predicament with which developing countries are faced today. Furthermore, to illustrate how manufacturing countries bear the international institutional costs of global financialization, we further elaborate the ‘international competition smiling curve’. This article elaborates these theoretical issues with reference to China, South Africa and Venezuela.
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