This paper analyzes the conflict between the aims and desires of the New Order regime and the actual course that social change took in Indonesia. Through the analysis, it attempts to answer what “Unity in Diversity”, the national motto means in practice under the government. To the aim, this paper first examines the efficacy of films as historical evidence. Secondly, it reviews several films released in New Order Indonesia by the 1980's and observes a multiplicity of images of women reflected in films. Thirdly, this paper analyzes New Order regime's image of women and interprets the reasons why the government ignored social changes reflected in films. Based upon the examinations, it concludes that “Unity” was the creation of a shared civic culture seen as an essential component of the modernization and development process. “Diversity” was the tolerance of the varied traditional cultures of the new nation in New Order Indonesia.
Abuse of Women in the Media. Penang: Consumers' Association of Penang1982
17.
Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific1987
18.
AgarwalBinaWomen's Studies in Asia and the Pacific. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Center Occasional Paper no. 4, 1983
19.
ArmesRoyThird World Film Making and the West. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987
20.
BiranMisbach YusaSnapshots of Indonesian Film History and Non-Theatrical Films in Indonesia. McGlynnJohn T., trans. Jakarta: National Film Council, 1986
21.
BordwellDavidMaking Meaning, Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
22.
BordwellDavidOzu and the Poetics of Cinema. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988
23.
Buku Saku Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik, Republic of Indonesia, vols. 1964–85.
24.
ChandlerGlenSullivanNormaBransonJan, eds. Development and Displacement: Women in Southeast Asia. Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash Papers on Southeast Asia no. 18, 1988.
25.
ChungBetty Jamie, ed. The State of Women and Fertility in Southeast and East Asia. A Bibliography. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series no. 8, 1977
26.
CollierJohnCollierMalcolmVisual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986
27.
DahlanH. M.HashinWanCommunication in Peasant Community. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Kcbangsaan Malaysia, 1979
28.
DartonRobertThe Great Cat Massacre. New York: Vintage Book, 1984
29.
DickinsonMargaretStreetSarahCinema and State. London: British Film Institute, 1985
30.
DoiAbdur Rahman I.Women in Shari'ah. Kuala Lumpur: A. S. Noordeen, 1990
31.
EpsteinTScarlettWattsRosemaryA., eds. The Endless Day, Some Case Material on Asian Rural Women. Oxford: Pergamon Press1981
32.
van EsterikP., ed. Women of Southeast Asia. De Kelab: Northern Illionis University, Occasional Paper no. 9, 1982
33.
SimFan Kok, ed. Women in Southeast Asia. A Bibliography. Boston: G. K. Hall and Co.1982
34.
Festival Film Indonesia 1980. Semarang, April 22–27, 1980
35.
GeertzCliffordThe Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973
36.
HatleyBarbara“Texts and Contexts: The Roro Mendut Folk Legend on Stage and Screen.” In SenKrishna, ed. Histories and Stories: Cinema in New Order Indonesia. Clayton: Monash University1988
37.
HayJamesPopular Film Culture in Fascist Italy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987
38.
HeiderKarlIndonesian Cinema, National Culture on Screen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991
39.
HullValerie J.A Woman's Place…: Social Class Variations in Women's Work Patterns in a Javanese Village. Yogyakarta: Population Studies Center, Gadjah Mada University, Working Paper Series no. 21, 1979
40.
Indonesia. An Official Handbook. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, vols. 1979–1990
41.
Indonesian Women, Abstracts. Jakarta: Clearinghouse for Information on Women in Development, in Cooperation with the Canadian Embassy in Jakarta 1989
42.
JayawardenaKumariFeminism and Nationalism in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986
43.
KatoppoMarianne“Women's Image of Herself.” In ManazanMary JohnSr, ed., Women in Asia, Status and Image. Singapore: Christian Conference of Asia 1979
44.
CentenaryKartini. Indonesian Women Then and Now. Melbourne: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1980
45.
KaryaTeguh“In Search of Ways and Means for Making the Film an Instrument of Expression.” In SenKrishna, ed. Histories and Stories: Cinema in New Order Indonesia. Klayton: Monash University1988
46.
KusbandarrumsamsiHendrarta, ed. Selected Indonesian Periodical Articles on Women and Womanhood 1952–1976. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences1978
47.
LevyReubenThe Social Structure of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965
48.
Locher-ScholtenElsbethNiehofAnke, eds. Indonesian Women in Focus, Past and Present Nations. Dordrecht: Foris Publications1987
49.
LowRachaelFilms of Comment and Persuasion of the 1930's. The History of British Film 1929–1939. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1979
50.
MagendaBurhan D.“The Press in Jakarta as a Catalyst of Cultural Change.” In DavisGloria, ed. What is Modern Indonesian Culture?Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies1979, 89–107
51.
NoerhadiToeti Herati“Indonesia,” in Women in Asia, Beyond the Domestic Domain. Bangkok: UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific1989, 151–248
52.
PeacockJames L.Rites of Modernization, Symbolic and Social Aspects of Indonesian Proletarian Drama. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968
53.
PrindivilleJoanne“The Minangkabau Woman: Cultural Centre or Ethnic Symbol?” In HainswotthGeoffrey B, ed. Southeast Asia: Women, Changing Social Structure and Cultural Continuity. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press1981, 26–33
54.
RazakAbdulScM.. Press Laws and Systems in ASEAN State. Jakarta: Confederation of ASEAN Journalists, 1985
55.
Report on Indonesian Cinema. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia1983
56.
ReyesEmmanuel A.Notes on Philippine Cinema. Manila: De La Salle University Press, 1989
57.
Rural Women's Participation in Development. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Evaluation Study no. 3, 1980
58.
SaidSalimMcGlynnJohn H.Cinema of Indonesia. New York: Festival of Indonesia Foundation, 1991
59.
SajogyoPudjiwah. The Role of Women in Different Perspectives. Bogor: Center for Rural Sociological Research, Bogor Agricultural University, 1980
60.
SenKrishna, ed. Histories and Stories: Cinema in New Order Indonesia. Clayton: Monash University1988
61.
SennettRichardThe Fall of Public Man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977
62.
Siha-UmphaiBumrongsookVibulsriChamnongTerawanjiSukanyaThe Impact of Television on Thai Children. Bangkok: Communication Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, 1975
63.
SlideAnthonyThe International Film Industry: A Historical Dictionary. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989
64.
Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik, Republic of Indonesia, vols. 1975–89.
65.
TanterRichardYoungKenneth, eds. The Politics of Middle Class Indonesia. Clayton: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University1990
66.
ToemenggoengDatoeWomen in Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Chailan Shamsoe, 1953
67.
VegaGuillermo C. ed. Film and Freedom, Movie Censorship in the Philippines. Manila, n. p., 1975
68.
Vreede-De StuersCore. The Indonesian Women, Struggles and Achievements. The Hague: Mouton & Co. Publishers, 1960
69.
WilliamsLinda B.Development. Demography, and Family Decision-Making: The Status of Women in Rural Java. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990
70.
WhyteR. O.WhytePaulineRural Asian Women: Status and Environment. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Research Notes and Discussions Paper no. 9, 1978
71.
The Women of Indonesia. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia1985
72.
AlfianDr“Some Observations on Television in Indonesia”Indonesia Magazine40 (1976), pp. 38–46
73.
BittermanMary G. F.“Mass Communication and Social Change”Media Asia12 (1985), pp. 38–43
74.
BrownColin“Sukarno on the Role of Women in the Nationalist Movement”Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs15 (1981), pp. 68–92
75.
“The Cinema and Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia: A Documentary Anecdote”, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs15 (1981), pp. 151–155
76.
DickH. W.“The Rise of a Middle Class and the Changing Concept of Equity in Indonesia: An Interpretation”Indonesia39 (April 1985), pp. 71–92
77.
DjayaSjuman“Films in the Hands of Petty Bourgeois”Prisma7 (September 1977), pp. 28–31
78.
EapenK. E.“Communication-Indonesian Style”Media Asia1 (1974), pp. 35–44
79.
FrederickWilliam“Rhoma Irama and the Dangdut Style: Aspects of Contemporary Indonesian Popular Culture”Indonesia34 (October 1982), pp 103–130
80.
GinzburgCarlo“Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes: Clues for a Scientific Method”, History Workshop Journal (1980), pp. 5–36
81.
GoonasekeraAnura“The Contribution of the Entertainment Industry to the Development of Indigenous Asian Cultures”Media Asia13 (1986), pp. 91–96
82.
HeiderKarl“National Cinema, National Culture: The Indonesian Case.” Unpublished paper given at the annual meeting of the American Ethnological Society, 15 March 1991, in Charleston, South Carolina
83.
IhromiT. O.“Improvement of Woman's Position by Laws”Indonesia Magazine57 (1980), pp. 69–72
84.
IhromiT. O.“Indonesia's Unique in Way It Exhibits and Distributes Films”, Variety, October 22 (1986), pp. 443, 446
85.
IsmailUsmar“The Film Industry”Atlantic Monthly197 (June 1956), p. 141
86.
KatzJune S.KatzRonald S.“The New Indonesian Marriage Law: A Mirror of Indonesia's Political, Cultural, and Legal Systems”The American Journal of Comparative Law23 (Fall 1975), pp. 653–681
87.
KatzJune S.“Legislating Social Change in a Developing Country: The New Indonesian Marriage Law Revisited”The American Journal of Comparative Law26 (Spring 1978), pp. 309–320
88.
KurasawaAiko“Propaganda Media on Java Under the Japanese 1942–1945”Indonesia44 (October 1987), pp. 59–116
89.
LodgsonMartha G.“Women Civil Servants in Indonesia: Some Preliminary Observations”Prisma37 (September 1985), pp. 77–87
90.
LodgsonMartha G.“Mass Media, Tradition and Change: A Selective Bibliography”Media Asia10 (1983), pp. 116–120
91.
MohamadGoenawan“An Introduction to the Contemporary Indonesian Cinema”. Prisma1 (May 1975), pp. 75–82
92.
MuisAbdul“Communicating New Ideas to Traditional Villagers (An Indonesian Case),”Media Asia11 (1984), pp. 203–207
93.
NoerhadiToeti Herati“Women and Self-image,”Prisma24 (March 1982), pp. 30–40
94.
“Number 11”, Newsweek, April 29, 1991, p. 5
95.
OeyMayling“Some Demographic Notes on Indonesian Women and Their Achievements”Prisma1 (November 1975), pp. 74–80
96.
IhromiT. Omas“Social and Cultural Background of Concepts of Roles of Women. Reflections on the Indonesian Scene”The Ecumenical Review27 (1975), pp. 357–365
97.
RamedhanErwin“The Disco Way of Life in Jakarta: From Subculture to Cultural Void”Prisma6 (June 1977), pp. 16–19
98.
SadliSaparinahBiranZainul“Permissive Attitudes in Sexual Relations”Prisma4 (November 1976), pp. 65–71
99.
SchrijversJokePostel-CosterEls“Minangkabau Women: Change in a Matrilineal Society”Archipel13 (1977), pp. 79–103
100.
SenKrishna“Hidden From History: Aspects of Indonesian Cinema 1955–65,”Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs19 (Summer 1985), pp. 1–55
101.
SenKrishna“The Image of Women in Indonesian Films: Some Observations”Prisma24 (March 1982), pp. 17–29
102.
ShantideviPendapat“Mengapa wanita selalu jadi obyek reklame?”Merdeka (Monday, 11 May 1981), p. 5
103.
SidhartaMyra“Women's Magazines in Indonesia: Between Hopes and Realities”Prisma24 (March 1982), pp. 69–77
104.
SoewondoNani“The Indonesian Marriage Law and its Implementing Regulation”Archipel13 (1977), pp. 282–294
105.
StolerAnn“Class Structure and Female Autonomy in Rural Java”Signs3 (Autumns 1977), pp. 74–89
106.
SuhendraEddy“A Struggle for Identity. Indonesian Film, Past, Present and Future”Indonesia Magazine16 (no. 2, 1986), pp. 85–87
107.
SusantoAstrid S.“Effects of Modern Communication Technology Upon Socio-Cultural Life”Indonesia Magazine39 (1976), pp. 5–12
108.
WarrenCarol“Women in China and Southeast Asia: A Course Outline and Bibliography”Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars22 (April-June 1990), pp. 41–54
