Clinical Psychology in the Post- Dobbs Era: Navigating Clinical Practice,Research,and Advocacy in a Changing Sexual- and Reproductive-Health Landscape

Abstract

Since 2022, following the Dobbs decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, abortion restrictions have increased throughout the country. This represents the most recent phase of decades of political and legal restrictions on abortion access, including the 1976 Hyde Amendment restricting federal funds for abortion services. Limiting access to legal abortion and safe reproductive health care has serious implications for the mental health of people who can become pregnant and, thus, for clinical psychology. However, there are gaps in competence around sexual and reproductive health (SRH) for clinical psychologists in research and practice. In this article, we (a) review empirical evidence regarding abortion and mental health, (b) discuss barriers to SRH competence for clinical psychology, and (c) present guiding principles for psychologists and institutions/training programs to address these competence gaps across research, clinical practice, and advocacy. We focus on clinical psychology, but the content is applicable to behavioral-health disciplines broadly.

Keywords

abortion sexual and reproductive health clinical psychology mental health

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abajobir

A. A.

Maravilla

J. C.

Alati

Najman

J. M.

(2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.008

Abbott

D. M.

Mollen

Anaya

E. J.

Burnes

T. R.

Jones

M. M.

Rukus

V. A.

(2021). Providing sexuality training for psychologists: The role of predoctoral internship sites. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 16(2), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2021.1892555

Abbott

D. M.

Nguyen

Bohmer

Myers

M. L.

Boyles

J. A.

Mercier

C. M.

(2023). The us in uterus: A collaborative autoethnography of psychologists advocating for reproductive justice. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 47(4), 574–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231166375

Abbott

D. M.

Vargas

J. E.

Santiago

H. J.

(2023). Sexuality training in counseling psychology: A mixed-methods study of student perspectives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 70(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000641

Aiken

A. R. A.

Wells

E. S.

Gomperts

Scott

J. G.

(2024). Provision of medications for self-managed abortion before and after the Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision. JAMA, 331(18), 1558–1564. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.4266

Alempijevic

Beriashvili

Beynon

Birmanns

Brasholt

Cohen

Duque

Duterte

Van Es

Fernando

Fincanci

S. K.

Hamzeh

Hansen

S. H.

Hardi

Heisler

Iacopino

Leth

P. M.

Lin

Louahlia

. . . Viera

D. N.

(2020). Statement on conversion therapy. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 72, Article 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101930

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (n.d.). Abortion is essential health care. https://www.acog.org/advocacy/abortion-is-essential

American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

10.

American Psychological Association. (2018). Standards of accreditation for health service psychology. https://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/standards-of-accreditation.pdf

11.

American Psychological Association. (2022a). APA resolution affirming and building on APA’s history of support for reproductive rights: (503022023-001) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.1037/e503022023-001

12.

American Psychological Association. (2022b). Frequently asked questions about abortion laws and psychology practice. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/business/hipaa/abortion-laws

13.

American Psychological Association. (2023). APA resolution on confidentiality and reproductive health. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-confidentiality-reproductive-health

14.

Asher

R. L.

(2007). Has training in human sexuality changed over the past twenty years? A survey of clinical psychology, counseling psychology, and doctor of social work programs (Publication No. 3297140) [Doctoral dissertation]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.

15.

Associated Press. (2024, March 1). What to know about the latest court rulings, data and legislation on abortion in the US. US News & World Report. www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2024-03-01/what-to-know-about-the-latest-court-rulings-data-and-legislation-on-abortion-in-the-us

16.

Auguste

Bowdring

Kasparek

S. W.

McPhee

Tabachnick

A. R.

Tung

, Scholars for Elevating Equity and Diversity (SEED), & Galán

C. A

. (2023). Psychology’s contributions to anti-Blackness in the United States within psychological research, criminal justice, and mental health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(6), 1282–1305. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221141374

17.

Auguste

Nobles

Rowe

(2021, November 21). Opinion | American Psychological Association’s white supremacy apology falls short. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/why-apa-s-apology-promoting-white-supremacy-falls-short-ncna1284229

18.

Beck

J. G.

Castonguay

L. G.

Chronis-Tuscano

Klonsky

E. D.

McGinn

L. K.

Youngstrom

E. A.

(2014). Principles for training in evidence-based psychology: Recommendations for the graduate curricula in clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21(4), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12079

19.

Berglas

N. F.

Gould

Turok

D. K.

Sanders

J. N.

Perrucci

A. C.

Roberts

S. C. M.

(2017). State-mandated (mis)information and women’s endorsement of common abortion myths. Women’s Health Issues, 27(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.12.014

20.

Beumer

W. Y.

Roseboom

T. J.

Koot

M. H.

Vrijkotte

van Ditzhuijzen

(2023). Carrying an unintended pregnancy to term and long-term maternal psychological distress: Findings from the Dutch prospective Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study. Women’s Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057231213737

21.

Biggs

M. A.

Gould

Foster

D. G.

(2013). Understanding why women seek abortions in the US. BMC Women’s Health, 13, Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-13-29

22.

Biggs

M. A.

Rocca

(2022). Forecasting the mental health harms of overturning Roe v Wade. The BMJ, 378, Article o1890. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o1890

23.

Bishop

Crisp

D. A.

Scholz

(2022). A systematic review to determine how service provider practices impact effective service provision to lesbian, gay and bisexual consumers in a mental health setting. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(3), 874–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2699

24.

Boness

C. L.

Nelson

Douaihy

A. B.

(2022). Motivational interviewing strategies for addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 35(2), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2022.02.210327

25.

Buchanan

N. T.

Wiklund

L. O.

(2020). Why clinical science must change or die: Integrating intersectionality and social justice. Women & Therapy, 43(3–4), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2020.1729470

26.

Burdick

K. J.

Coughlin

C. G.

D’Ambrosi

G. R.

Monuteaux

M. C.

Economy

K. E.

Mannix

R. C.

Lee

L. K.

(2024). Abortion restrictiveness and infant mortality: An ecologic study, 2014-2018. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 66(3), 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.10.010

27.

Burnes

T. R.

Singh

A. A.

Witherspoon

R. G.

(2017). Graduate counseling psychology training in sex and sexuality: An exploratory analysis. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(4), 504–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017714765

28.

Capon

Hall

Fry

Carter

(2016). Realising the technological promise of smartphones in addiction research and treatment: An ethical review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.05.013

29.

Center for Reproductive Rights. (2024). After Roe fell: Abortion laws by state. https://reproductiverights.org/maps/abortion-laws-by-state/

30.

Charles

V. E.

Polis

C. B.

Sridhara

S. K.

Blum

R. W.

(2008). Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: A systematic review of the evidence. Contraception, 78(6), 436–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.005

31.

Clay

(2013). Free speech vs. patient care. Monitor on Psychology, 44(7), 40. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/07-08/free-speech

32.

Clayton

E. W.

Embí

P. J.

Malin

B. A.

(2022). Dobbs and the future of health data privacy for patients and healthcare organizations. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(1), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac155

33.

Cole

E. R.

(2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64(3), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014564

34.

Collins

P. H.

(2022). Black feminist thought, 30th anniversary edition: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003245650 (Original work published 1990)

35.

Conlin

W. E.

Boness

C. L.

(2019). Ethical considerations for addressing distorted beliefs in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 56(4), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000252

36.

Crenshaw

(1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, Article 8. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

37.

Cullinan

C. C.

Harrison

R. R.

Hughes-Reid

(2024). Meeting the moment: Centering cultural humility and antiracism in health service psychology internship training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 18(3), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000473

38.

Darlington

C. K.

Compton

P. A.

Hutson

S. P.

(2021). Revisiting the fetal assault law in Tennessee: Implications and the way forward. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 22(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154421989994

39.

Di Febo

D’Aloise

Anselmi

Leone

Pezzuti

. (2018). Psychological implications of abortion: A longitudinal study on two cohorts of women who recur to elective and therapeutic abortion. Rivista Di Psichiatria, 53(6), 324–330. https://doi.org/10.1708/3084.30766

40.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 597 U.S. ___ (2022).

41.

Dombrowski

S. C.

McGill

R. J.

Farmer

R. L.

Kranzler

J. H.

Canivez

G. L.

(2022). Beyond the rhetoric of evidence-based assessment: A framework for critical thinking in clinical practice. School Psychology Review, 51(6), 771–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2021.1960126

42.

Dyer

R. L.

Checkalski

O. R.

Gervais

S. J.

(2023). Abortion decisions as humanizing acts: The application of ambivalent sexism and objectification to women-centered anti-abortion rhetoric. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 47(4), 528–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231173673

43.

Erdly

Etyemez

Standeven

L. R.

Nagle-Yang

Osborne

L. M.

(2023). Setting common standards for reproductive psychiatry education: Effectiveness of the national curriculum in reproductive psychiatry. Academic Psychiatry, 47(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-022-01663-8

44.

Farrelly

Kaplin

Hernandez

(2022). A transformational approach to developing cultural humility in the classroom. Teaching of Psychology, 49(2), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628321990366

45.

Foronda

Baptiste

D.-L.

Reinholdt

M. M.

Ousman

(2016). Cultural humility: A concept analysis. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659615592677

46.

Foster

D. G.

Steinberg

J. R.

Roberts

S. C. M.

Neuhaus

Biggs

M. A.

(2015). A comparison of depression and anxiety symptom trajectories between women who had an abortion and women denied one. Psychological Medicine, 45(10), 2073–2082. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714003213

47.

Fried

M. G.

(2000). Abortion in the United States: Barriers to access. Health and Human Rights, 4(2), 174–194. https://doi.org/10.2307/4065200

48.

Galán

C. A.

Bekele

Boness

Bowdring

Call

Hails

Yilmaz

(2021). A call to action for an antiracist clinical science. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(1), 12–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1860066

49.

Gostin

L. O.

Wetter

Reingold

R. B.

(2023). One year after Dobbs—Vast changes to the abortion legal landscape. JAMA Health Forum, 4(8), Article e233091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.3091

50.

Grossman

Joffe

Kaller

Kimport

Kinsey

Lerma

Morris

White

(2023). Care post-Roe: Documenting cases of poor-quality care since the Dobbs decision. Advancing New Standard in Reproductive Health.

51.

Grzanka

P. R.

(2020). From buzzword to critical psychology: An invitation to take intersectionality seriously. Women & Therapy, 43(3–4), 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2020.1729473

52.

Grzanka

P. R.

Frantell

K. A.

(2017). Counseling psychology and reproductive justice: A call to action. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(3), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017699871

53.

Guttmacher Institute. (2016a). Counseling and waiting periods for abortion. https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/counseling-and-waiting-periods-abortion

54.

Guttmacher Institute. (2016b). An overview of abortion laws. https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/overview-abortion-laws

55.

Guttmacher Institute. (2022). Roe v. Wade overturned: Our latest resources. https://www.guttmacher.org/abortion-rights-supreme-court

56.

Haeny

A. M.

(2014). Ethical considerations for psychologists taking a public stance on controversial issues: The balance between personal and professional life. Ethics & Behavior, 24(4), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2013.860030

57.

Hall

K. S.

McDermott Sales

Komro

K. A.

Santelli

(2016). The state of sex education in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(6), 595–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.032

58.

Hanzlik

M. P.

Gaubatz

(2012). Clinical PsyD trainees’ comfort discussing sexual issues with clients. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 7(3), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2012.707080

59.

Helms

J. E.

(2012). A legacy of eugenics underlies racial-group comparisons in intelligence testing. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01426.x

60.

Hoffman

D. H.

Carter

D. J.

Lopez

C. R. V.

Benziller

H. L.

Guo

A. X.

Latifi

S. Y.

Craig

D. C.

(2015). Report to the Special Committee of the board of directors of the American Psychological Association: Independent review relating to APA ethics guidelines, national security interrogations, and torture. Sidley Austin LLP.

61.

Hooberman

Ozoguz

(2022). Abortion, mental health and epistemologies of psychological knowledge and ignorance. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 16(9), Article e12703. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12703

62.

Horvath

Schreiber

C. A.

(2017). Unintended pregnancy, induced abortion, and mental health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(11), Article 77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0832-4

63.

Hoyert

(2023). Autopsies in the United States in 2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.). https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:126588

64.

Hughes

L. D.

Gamarel

K. E.

Restar

A. J.

Sequeira

G. M.

Dowshen

Regan

Kidd

K. M.

(2023). Adolescent providers’ experiences of harassment related to delivering gender-affirming care. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(4), 672–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.024

65.

Hutner

L. A.

Catapano

L. A.

Nagle-Yang

S. M.

Williams

K. E.

Osborne

L. M.

(2021). Textbook of women’s reproductive mental health. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.

66.

Hyatt

E. G.

McCoyd

J. L. M.

Diaz

M. F.

(2022). From abortion rights to reproductive justice: A call to action. Affilia, 37(2), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/08861099221077153

67.

Jones

R. K.

(2024). An estimate of lifetime incidence of abortion in the United States using the 2021–2022 Abortion Patient Survey. Contraception, 135, Article 110445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2024.110445

68.

Kelly

(2014). The spread of ‘post abortion syndrome’ as social diagnosis. Social Science & Medicine, 102, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.030

69.

Khanna

R. R.

Murray

S. G.

Wen

Salmeen

Illangasekare

Benfield

Adler-Milstein

Savage

(2023). Protecting reproductive health information in the post-Roe era: Interoperability strategies for healthcare institutions. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(1), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocac194

70.

Kimemia

G. W.

Kabiru

C. W.

Ushie

B. A.

(2023). Ethical concerns facing abortion researchers in restrictive settings: The need for guidelines. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 31(1), Article 2193315. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2023.2193315

71.

Kortsmit

(2023). Abortion surveillance—United States, 2021. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 72(9), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7209a1

72.

Kozhimannil

K. B.

Hassan

Hardeman

R. R.

(2022). Abortion access as a racial justice issue. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(17), 1537–1539. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2209737

73.

Lerner

J. S.

Valdesolo

Kassam

K. S.

(2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 799–823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043

74.

Lewis

E. G.

Dave

(2021). Long-term mental health and financial outcomes associated with abortion access and denial: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology, 31(3), 97–99. https://doi.org/10.5336/jcog.2021-85039

75.

Lilienfeld

S. O.

Ammirati

David

(2012). Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology: Science and scientific thinking as safeguards against human error. Journal of School Psychology, 50(1), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.006

76.

Lipscomb

A. E.

Ashley

(2020). Surviving being Black and a clinician during a dual pandemic: Personal and professional challenges in a disease and racial crisis. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 90(4), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2020.1834489

77.

Lund

E. M.

Khazem

L. R.

DeJesus

C. R.

(2023). Addressing intersectional identities and experiences in professional psychology trainees with disabilities: A call for action. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 17(2), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000403

78.

Major

Beckman

Dutton

M. A.

Russo

N. F.

West

(2009). Abortion and mental health: Evaluating the evidence. American Psychologist, 64(9), 863–890. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017497

79.

Mallinckrodt

Miles

J. R.

Levy

J. J.

(2014). The scientist-practitioner-advocate model: Addressing contemporary training needs for social justice advocacy. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8(4), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000045

80.

Manning-Ouellette

Shikongo-Asino

(2022). College-level sex education courses: A systematic literature review. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 17(2), 176–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2022.2026850

81.

Miller

S. A.

Byers

E. S.

(2009). Psychologists’ continuing education and training in sexuality. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 35(3), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230802716336

82.

Miller

S. A.

Byers

E. S.

(2010). Psychologists’ sexual education and training in graduate school. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 42(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018571

83.

Mollen

(2014). Reproductive rights and informed consent: Toward a more inclusive discourse. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 14(1), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12027

84.

Mollen

Abbott

D. M.

(2022). Sexuality as a competency: Advancing training to serve the public. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 16(3), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000378

85.

Mollen

Burnes

Lee

Abbott

D. M.

(2018). Sexuality training in counseling psychology. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 33(3), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2018.1553146

86.

Mollen

Hargons

Klann

E. M.

Mosley

D. V.

(2018). Abortion knowledge and attitudes among psychologists and graduate students. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(6), 738–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018795296

87.

Moradi

Grzanka

P. R.

(2017). Using intersectionality responsibly: Toward critical epistemology, structural analysis, and social justice activism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000203

88.

Mosher

D. K.

Hook

J. N.

Captari

L. E.

Davis

D. E.

DeBlaere

Owen

(2017). Cultural humility: A therapeutic framework for engaging diverse clients. Practice Innovations, 2(4), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000055

89.

Mustanski

Macapagal

(2023). Clinical psychological science must move beyond documenting disparities in LGBTQ health toward eliminating them. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 91(2), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000800

90.

Nadal

K. L.

(2017). “Let’s get in formation”: On becoming a psychologist–activist in the 21st century. American Psychologist, 72(9), 935–946. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000212

91.

Nagoski

(2015). Come as you are: The surprising new science that will transform your sex life. Simon and Schuster.

92.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). The safety and quality of abortion care in the United States. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24950

93.

Nelson

S. K.

Kushlev

Lyubomirsky

(2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035444

94.

Nguyen

Bajaj

S. S.

Ahmed

Stanford

F. C.

(2022). Protecting marginalized women’s mental health in the post-Dobbs era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(40), Article e2212012119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212012119

95.

Nolen

Siegel

J. A.

Mendoza

R. R.

Cubbin

Vohra-Gupta

Dosanjh

L. H.

Lewis-Smith

(2024). The impact of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization on young women’s experiences of objectification and sexual well-being. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 48(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843241238174

96.

Norcross

J. C.

VandenBos

G. R.

(2018). Leaving it at the office: A guide to psychotherapist self-care (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.

97.

O’Connor

(2023). Gender-affirming clinics subject to onslaught of threats, harassment. Psychiatric News, 58(3). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2023.03.2.5

98.

Office for Civil Rights. (2022). HIPAA privacy rule and disclosures of information relating to reproductive health care. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/guidance/phi-reproductive-health/index.html

99.

Ogbu-Nwobodo

Shim

R. S.

Vinson

S. Y.

Fitelson

E. M.

Biggs

M. A.

McLemore

M. R.

Thomas

Godzich

Mangurian

(2022). Mental health implications of abortion restrictions for historically marginalized populations. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(17), 1613–1617. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2211124

100.

Padilla

M. A.

Thompson

J. N.

(2016). Burning out faculty at doctoral research universities. Stress and Health, 32(5), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2661

101.

Pagoto

S. L.

Palmer

Horwitz-Willis

(2023). The next infodemic: Abortion misinformation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(1), Article e42582. https://doi.org/10.2196/42582

102.

Perrucci

A. C.

(2012). Decision assessment and counseling in abortion care: Philosophy and practice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

103.

Petersen

E. E.

Davis

N. L.

Goodman

Cox

Syverson

Seed

Shapiro-Mendoza

Callaghan

W. M.

Barfield

(2019). Racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related deaths—United States, 2007–2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(35), 762–765. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6835a3

104.

Powell

R. M.

(2023). Reproductive justice for disabled people post-Dobbs: A call-to-action for researchers. Disability and Health Journal, 17(2), Article 101572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101572

105.

Power

T. E.

Swartzman

L. C.

Robinson

J. W.

(2011). Cognitive-emotional decision making (CEDM): A framework of patient medical decision making. Patient Education and Counseling, 83(2), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.021

106.

Raymond

E. G.

Grimes

D. A.

(2012). The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 119(2, Pt. 1), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923

107.

Reissing

E. D.

Giulio

G. D.

(2010). Practicing clinical psychologists’ provision of sexual health care services. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017023

108.

Roberti

(2021). “Women deserve better”: The use of the pro-woman frame in anti-abortion policies in U.S. states. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 42(3), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2021.1925478

109.

Robinson

G. E.

Stotland

N. L.

Russo

N. F.

Lang

J. A.

Occhiogrosso

(2009). Is there an “abortion trauma syndrome”? Critiquing the evidence. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17(4), 268–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220903149119

110.

Rocca

C. H.

Kimport

Gould

Foster

D. G.

(2013). Women’s emotions one week after receiving or being denied an abortion in the United States. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 45(3), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1363/4512213

111.

Rocca

C. H.

Samari

Foster

D. G.

Gould

Kimport

(2020). Emotions and decision rightness over five years following an abortion: An examination of decision difficulty and abortion stigma. Social Science & Medicine, 248, Article 112704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112704

112.

Rohleder

Flowers

(2018). Towards a psychology of sexual health. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(2), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317750162

113.

Shaikh

Kamble

Daulatabad

Singhal

Madhusudhan

John

N. A.

(2024). Mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community: A societal imperative. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 13(9), 3529–3535. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_321_24

114.

SIECUS. (2022). 2022 sex ed state law and policy chart. https://siecus.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2022-Sex-Ed-State-Law-and-Policy-Chart.pdf

115.

Singh

M. N.

Roberts

M. C.

McKinney

W. S.

Kelly

Ortega

Doyle

Tampke

E. C.

(2023). Advocacy as a professional competency in psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 17(4), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000450

116.

Sugarman

Wenner

D. M.

Rid

Henry

L. M.

Luna

Klitzman

MacQueen

K. M.

Rennie

Singh

J. A.

Gostin

L. O.

(2023). Ethical research when abortion access is legally restricted. Science, 380(6651), 1224–1226. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adh3104

117.

Taylor

J. K.

(2020). Structural racism and maternal health among Black women. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 48(3), 506–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958875

118.

Tervalon

Murray-García

(1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233

119.

Thornburg

Kennedy-Hendricks

Rosen

J. D.

Eisenberg

M. D.

(2024). Anxiety and depression symptoms after the Dobbs abortion decision. JAMA, 331(4), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.25599

120.

Treder

K. M.

Amutah-Onukagha

White

K. O.

(2023). Abortion bans will exacerbate already severe racial inequities in maternal mortality. Women’s Health Issues, 33(4), 328–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2023.04.007

121.

van den Akker

O. B. A

. (2012). Reproductive health psychology. John Wiley & Sons.

122.

Viehl

Dispenza

McCullough

Guvensel

(2017). Burnout among sexual minority mental health practitioners: Investigating correlates and predictors. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(3), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000236

123.

Vilda

Wallace

Dyer

Harville

Theall

(2019). Income inequality and racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortality in the US. SSM - Population Health, 9, Article 100477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100477

124.

Washburn

J. J.

Teachman

B. A.

Gaudiano

B. A.

Penberthy

J. K.

Peris

T. S.

Davison

G. C.

Hollon

S. D.

(2023). The central role of lifelong learning and humility in clinical psychology. Clinical Psychological Science, 11(4), 744–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026221101063

125.

Watson

L. B.

Germain

J. M.

(2024). Reproductive justice in the post-Roe v. Wade era: Examining reactions to Dobbs v. Jackson and psychological distress among cisgender women and people assigned female at birth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 48(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231210219

126.

Watson

L. B.

Hargons

C. N.

Mollen

(2023). Rising up, pushing forward: Standing our ground in the face of injustice. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 47(4), 439–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231197674

127.

Weiner

(2024). Emergency doctors grapple with abortion bans. AAMC. https://www.aamc.org/news/emergency-doctors-grapple-abortion-bans

128.

Wiederman

M. W.

Sansone

R. A.

(1999). Sexuality training for professional psychologists: A national survey of training directors of doctoral programs and predoctoral internships. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30(3), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.30.3.312

129.

Zandberg

Waller

Visoki

Barzilay

(2023). Association between state-level access to reproductive care and suicide rates among women of reproductive age in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4394

130.

Ziegler

(2025). In states with abortion bans, when does a medical emergency trigger an exception? State Court Report. https://statecourtreport.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/states-abortion-bans-when-does-medical-emergency-trigger-exception

131.

Zulu

J. M.

Ali

Hallez

Kass

Michelo

Hyder

A. A.

(2018). Ethics challenges and guidance related to research involving adolescent post-abortion care: A scoping review. Reproductive Health, 15, Article 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0515-6