Young adults typically drink socially, yet most lab studies testing alcohol responses have administered alcohol in isolation. This is the first study to examine alcohol responses and social reward in a group setting among a young-adult at-risk sample. Heavy-drinking young adults (N = 393; 50% female) were grouped in threes and drank a moderate dose of alcohol or a placebo beverage. These social interactions were recorded, and the duration and sequence of facial expressions, speech, and laughter were coded. Results revealed a comprehensive, multimodal, positive effect of alcohol on socioemotional experiences across self-report (e.g., increased positive affect and social bonding, greater relief of unpleasant feelings) and behavioral outcomes at both the individual (e.g., more rapid increases in Duchenne smiling) and group levels (e.g., more three-way conversations). Findings underscore the potential for group-formation paradigms to yield valuable data regarding etiological mechanisms underlying alcohol use disorder. All data and code are available (https://osf.io/3q42z/).
Aan Het RotM.RussellJ. J.MoskowitzD. S.YoungS. N. (2008). Alcohol in a social context: Findings from event-contingent recording studies of everyday social interactions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00590.x
2.
AddicottM. A.Marsh-RichardD. M.MathiasC. W.DoughertyD. M. (2007). The biphasic effects of alcohol: Comparisons of subjective and objective measures of stimulation, sedation, and physical activity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(11), 1883–1890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00518.x
3.
BaborT. F.Higgins-BiddleJ. C.SaundersJ. B.MonteiroM. G. (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67205
4.
BenjaminiY.HochbergY. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B: Methodological, 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
5.
BeselerC. L.AharonovichE.KeyesK. M.HasinD. S. (2008). Adult transition from at-risk drinking to alcohol dependence: The relationship of family history and drinking motives. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(4), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00619.x
6.
BlumenthalH.Leen-FeldnerE. W.FralaJ. L.BadourC. L.HamL. S. (2010). Social anxiety and motives for alcohol use among adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019794
7.
BowdringM. A.SayetteM. A. (2018). Using placebo beverages in group alcohol studies. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(12), 2442–2452. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13895
8.
BujarskiS.HutchinsonK. E.RocheD. J.RayL. A. (2015). Factor structure of subjective responses to alcohol in light and heavy drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 2154–2161.
9.
CohnJ. F.ErtugrulI. O.ChuW. S.GirardJ. M.JeniL. A.HammalZ. (2019). Affective facial computing: Generalizability across domains. In Multimodal Behavior Analysis in the Wild (pp. 407–441). Academic Press.
10.
CooperM. L.KuntscheE.LevittA.BarberL. L.WolfS. (2016). Motivational models of substance use: A review of theory and research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. In SherK. J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders (Vol. 1, pp. 375–421). Oxford University Press.
11.
CorbinW. R.HartmanJ. D.BrueningA. B.FrommeK. (2021). Contextual influences on subjective alcohol response. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000415
12.
CorbinW. R.ScottC.BoydS. J.MenaryK. R.EndersC. K. (2015). Contextual influences on subjective and behavioral responses to alcohol. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038760
13.
CourtneyK. E.RayL. A. (2014). Subjective responses to alcohol in the lab predict neural responses to alcohol cues. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(1), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.124
14.
CousijnJ.LuijtenM.EwingS. W. F. (2018). Adolescent resilience to addiction: A social plasticity hypothesis. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30148-7
15.
CreswellK. G. (2021). Drinking together and drinking alone: A social-contextual framework for examining risk for alcohol use disorder. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420969406
16.
CreswellK. G.ChungT.SkrzynskiC. J.BachrachR. L.JacksonK. M.ClarkD. B.MartinC. S. (2020). Drinking beyond the binge threshold in a clinical sample of adolescents. Addiction, 115(8), 1472–1481. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14979
17.
CreswellK.G.FairbairnC.E. (2025). The need for multi-participant alcohol administration studies. Editorial. Addiction, 120(4), 574–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16735
18.
CreswellK. G.SayetteM. A.ManuckS. B.FerrellR. E.HillS. Y.DimoffJ. D. (2012). DRD4 polymorphism moderates the effect of alcohol consumption on social bonding. PLOS ONE, 7(2), Article e28914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028914
19.
CullumJ.O’GradyM.ArmeliS.TennenH. (2012). The role of context-specific norms and group size in alcohol consumption and compliance drinking during natural drinking events. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34(4), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.693341
20.
CurtinJ. J.FairchildB. A. (2003). Alcohol and cognitive control: Implications for regulation of behavior during response conflict. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.424
21.
DabbsJ. M.RubackR. B. (1987). Dimensions of group process: Amount and structure of vocal interaction. In BerkowitzL. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 123–169). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60413-X
22.
DegenhardtL.StockingsE.PattonG.HallW. D.LynskeyM. (2016). The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00508-8
23.
DoraJ.PiccirilloM.FosterK. T.ArbeauK.ArmeliS.AuriacombeM.BartholowBBeltzA. M.BlumenstockS. M.BoldK.BonarE. E.BraitmanA.CarpenterR. W.CreswellK. G.De HartT.DvorakR. D.EmeryN.EnkemaM.FairbairnC.. . .KingK. M. (2023). The daily association between affect and alcohol use: A meta-analysis of individual participant data. Psychological Bulletin, 149(1–2), 1.
24.
EarleywineM.ErblichJ. (1996). A confirmed factor structure for the biphasic alcohol effects scale. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.4.1.107
25.
EkmanP.DavidsonR. J.FriesenW. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342
26.
EkmanP.FreisenW. V.AncoliS. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1125–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077722
27.
EkmanP.FriesenW. V.HagerJ. C. (2002). Facial action coding system. Network Information Research.
FairbairnC. E. (2017). Drinking among strangers: A meta-analysis examining familiarity as a moderator of alcohol’s rewarding effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000264
30.
FairbairnC. E.BresinK.KangD.RosenI. G.ArissT.LuczakS. E.BarnettN. P.EcklandN. S. (2018). A multimodal investigation of contextual effects on alcohol’s emotional rewards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(4), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000346
31.
FairbairnC. E.CreswellK. G.HalesA. H.WilliamsK. D.WilkinsK. V. (2022). Mixing misery and gin: The effect of alcohol administration on ostracism response. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(8), 1269–1283. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211038450
32.
FairbairnC. E.KangD. (2025). Social drinking and addiction: A social-cognitive model for understanding alcohol use disorder risk. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251318272
33.
FairbairnC. E.SayetteM. A. (2014). A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response. Psychological Bulletin, 140(5), 1361–1382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037563
34.
FairbairnC. E.SayetteM. A.AmoleM. C.DimoffJ. D.CohnJ. F.GirardJ. M. (2015). Speech volume indexes sex differences in the social-emotional effects of alcohol. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(4), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000021
35.
FairbairnC. E.SayetteM. A.LevineJ. M.CohnJ. F.CreswellK. G. (2013). The effects of alcohol on the emotional displays of whites in interracial groups. Emotion, 13(3), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030934
36.
FairbairnC. E.SayetteM. A.WrightA. G. C.LevineJ. M.CohnJ. F.CreswellK. G. (2015). Extraversion and the rewarding effects of alcohol in a social context. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(3), 660–673. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000024
37.
FairbairnC. E.VeliaB. A.CreswellK. G.SayetteM. A. (2020). A dynamic analysis of the effect of alcohol consumption on humor enjoyment in a social context. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 86, Article 103903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103903
38.
FisherH.ReissP. T.AtiasD.MalkaM.ShaharB.Shamay-TsooryS.Zilcha-ManoS. (2024). Facing Emotions: Between-and Within-Sessions Changes in Facial Expression During Psychological Treatment for Depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 12(5), 840–854.
39.
GiancolaP. R. (2002). Irritability, acute alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior in men and women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68(3), 263–274.
40.
HuangG. C.UngerJ. B.SotoD.FujimotoK.PentzM. A.Jordan-MarshM.ValenteT. W. (2014). Peer influences: The impact of online and offline friendship networks on adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.001
41.
JolinkT. A.AlgoeS. B. (2024). What happens in initial interactions forecasts relationship development: Showcasing the role of social behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 15(2), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506231153438
42.
KairouzS.GliksmanL.DemersA.AdlafE. M. (2002). For all these reasons, I do . . . drink: A multilevel analysis of contextual reasons for drinking among Canadian undergraduates. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(5), 600–608. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2002.63.600
43.
KingA. C.de WitH.McNamaraP. J.CaoD. (2011). Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 389–399.
KirchnerT. R.SayetteM. A.CohnJ. F.MorelandR. L.LevineJ. M. (2006). Effects of alcohol on group formation among male social drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(5), 785–793. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.785
46.
KokotailoP. K.EganJ.GangnonR.BrownD.MundtM.FlemingM. (2004). Validity of the alcohol use disorders identification test in college students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(6), 914–920. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000128239.87611.F5
47.
KuntscheE.KnibbeR.GmelG.EngelsR. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002
48.
KuntscheE.OttenR.LabhartF. (2015). Identifying risky drinking patterns over the course of Saturday evenings: An event-level study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 744–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000057
49.
KurtzL. E.AlgoeS. B. (2015). Putting laughter in context: Shared laughter as behavioral indicator of relationship well-being. Personal Relationships, 22(4), 573–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12095
50.
KurtzL. E.AlgoeS. B. (2017). When sharing a laugh means sharing more: Testing the role of shared laughter on short-term interpersonal consequences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-016-0245-9
51.
LevittA.CooperM. L. (2010). Daily alcohol use and romantic relationship functioning: Evidence of bidirectional, gender-, and context-specific effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(12), 1706–1722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210388420
52.
LittenR. Z.RyanM. L.FalkD. E.ReillyM.FertigJ. B.KoobG. F. (2015). Heterogeneity of alcohol use disorder: Understanding mechanisms to advance personalized treatment. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(4), 579–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12669
53.
LüdtkeO.MarshH. W.RobitzschA.TrautweinU.AsparouhovT.MuthénB. (2008). The multilevel latent covariate model: A new, more reliable approach to group-level effects in contextual studies. Psychological Methods, 13, 203–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012869
54.
MarteauT. M.BekkerH. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x
55.
MartinC. S.EarleywineM.MustyR. E.PerrineM. W.SwiftR. M. (1993). Development and validation of the biphasic alcohol effects scale. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 17(1), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00739.x
56.
MartinC. S.SayetteM. A. (1993). Experimental design in alcohol administration research: Limitations and alternatives in the manipulation of dosage-set. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 54(6), 750–761. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1993.54.750
57.
McCabeS. E.WestB. T.VelizP.FrankK. A.BoydC. J. (2014). Social contexts of substance use among U.S. high school seniors: A multicohort national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(6), 842–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.017
58.
MonkR. L.QureshiA.HeimD. (2020). An examination of the extent to which mood and context are associated with real-time alcohol consumption. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 208, Article 107880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107880
59.
MoreanM. E.CorbinW. R. (2010). Subjective response to alcohol: A critical review of the literature. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34(3), 385–395.
60.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (2023). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.).
NewlinD. B.RentonR. M. (2010). High risk groups often have higher levels of alcohol response than low risk: The other side of the coin. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01081.x
63.
O’DonnellR.RichardsonB.Fuller-TyszkiewiczM.LiknaitzkyP.ArulkadachamL.DvorakR.StaigerP. K. (2019). Ecological momentary assessment of drinking in young adults: An investigation into social context, affect and motives. Addictive Behaviors, 98, Article 106019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.008
64.
PatrickM. E.SchulenbergJ. E.O’MalleyP. M.JohnstonL. D.BachmanJ. G. (2011). Adolescents’ reported reasons for alcohol and marijuana use as predictors of substance use and problems in adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(1), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2011.72.106
65.
PatrickM. E.Terry-McElrathY. M.KloskaD. D.SchulenbergJ. E. (2016). High-intensity drinking among young adults in the United States: Prevalence, frequency, and developmental change. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(9), 1905–1912. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13164
66.
PiaseckiT. M.WoodP. K.ShiffmanS.SherK. J.HeathA. C. (2012). Responses to alcohol and cigarette use during ecologically assessed drinking episodes. Psychopharmacology, 223(3), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2721-1
67.
PlinerP.CappellH. (1974). Modification of affective consequences of alcohol: A comparison of social and solitary drinking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83(4), 418–425.
68.
QuinnP. D.FrommeK. (2011). Subjective response to alcohol challenge: A quantitative review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental, 35, 1759–1770.
69.
RayL. A.BujarskiS.RocheD. J. O. (2016). Subjective response to alcohol as a research domain criterion. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12927
70.
RayL. A.MacKillopJ.LeventhalA.HutchisonK. E. (2009). Catching the alcohol buzz: An examination of the latent factor structure of subjective intoxication. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(12), 2154–2161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01053.x
71.
RayL. A.MackillopJ.MontiP. M. (2010). Subjective responses to alcohol consumption as endophenotypes: Advancing behavioral genetics in etiological and treatment models of alcoholism. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(11), 1742–1765. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2010.482427
72.
RosenbergE. L.EkmanP. (2020). What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Oxford University Press.
RuchW. (1995). Will the real relationship between facial expression and affective experience please stand up: The case of exhilaration. Cognition and Emotion, 9(1), 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508408964
75.
RussellJ. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
76.
SadikajG.WrightA. G. C.DunkleyD. M.ZuroffD. C.MoskowitzD. S. (2021). Multilevel structural equation modeling for intensive longitudinal data: A practical guide for personality researchers. In RauthmannJ. F. (Ed.), The handbook of personality dynamics and processes (pp. 855–885). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813995-0.00033-9
77.
SalvatoreJ. E.GottesmanI. I.DickD. M. (2015). Endophenotypes for alcohol use disorder: An update on the field. Current Addiction Reports, 2(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0046-y
78.
SanovB. N.KumarL.CreswellK. G. (2023). A systematic review of the acute effects of alcohol on emotion recognition of facial expressions. Addiction Biology, 28(12), Article e13345. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13345
79.
SaundersJ. B.AaslandO. G.BaborT. F.De La FuenteJ. R.GrantM. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
80.
SayetteM. A. (1993). An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.459
SayetteM. A.CreswellK. G.DimoffJ. D.FairbairnC. E.CohnJ. F.HeckmanB. W.KirchnerT. R.LevineJ. M.MorelandR. L. (2012). Alcohol and group formation: A multimodal investigation of the effects of alcohol on emotion and social bonding. Psychological Science, 23(8), 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611435134
83.
SayetteM. A.CreswellK. G.FairbairnC. E.DimoffJ. D.BentleyK.LazerusT. (2019). The effects of alcohol on positive emotion during a comedy routine: A facial coding analysis. Emotion, 19(3), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000451
84.
Schelleman-OffermansK.KuntscheE.KnibbeR. A. (2011). Associations between drinking motives and changes in adolescents’ alcohol consumption: A full cross-lagged panel study. Addiction, 106(7), 1270–1278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03423.x
SchuckitM. A.SmithT. L.AndersonK. G.BrownS. A. (2004). Testing the level of response to alcohol: Social information processing model of alcoholism risk—A 20-year prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(12), 1881–1889. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000148111.43332.A5
SenchakM.LeonardK. E.GreeneB. W. (1998). Alcohol use among college students as a function of their typical social drinking context. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.12.1.62
89.
SherK. J. (2015). Moving the alcohol addiction RDoC forward. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(4), 591. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12661
SkrzynskiC. J.CreswellK. G. (2020). Associations between solitary drinking and increased alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and drinking to cope motives in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 115(11), 1989–2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15055
92.
SmithG. T.GoldmanM. S.GreenbaumP. E.ChristiansenB. A. (1995). Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.32
93.
SobellL. C.SobellM. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back. In LittenR. Z.AllenJ. P. (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods (pp. 41–72). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3
94.
SteeleC. M.JosephsR. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychologist, 45(8), 921–933.
95.
StevensS.GerlachA. L.RistF. (2008). Effects of alcohol on ratings of emotional facial expressions in social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(6), 940–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.09.007
96.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
97.
Terry-McElrathY. M.PatrickM. E. (2016). Intoxication and binge and high-intensity drinking among US young adults in their Mid-20s. Substance Abuse, 37(4), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2016.1178681
98.
VenaA.HoweM.FridbergD.CaoD.KingA. C. (2020). The feasibility, tolerability, and safety of administering a very high alcohol dose to drinkers with alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(12), 2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14478
99.
VenerableW. J.FairbairnC. E. (2020). A multimodal, longitudinal investigation of alcohol’s emotional rewards and drinking over time in young adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 34(5), 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000567
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
