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Abstract

In this meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between various forms of sleep problems and loneliness. A total of 84 articles (110 samples, N = 227,112) were identified for inclusion. Random effects models revealed a significant medium association between overall sleep problems and loneliness (r = .336, 95% confidence interval = [.315, .357]) as well as specific sleep complaints (i.e., insomnia, nightmares, poor sleep efficiency, and poor sleep quality) and loneliness (rs = .165–.354). The longitudinal relationships between overall sleep problems and subsequent loneliness, and vice versa, were also significant (rs = .249–.297). Although no consistent moderation patterns emerged, several significant moderators were identified for specific associations. Results support a robust association between more severe sleep problems and greater perceptions of loneliness; both also appear reciprocally associated longitudinally. Findings point to research directions that may enhance understanding of the interplay between sleep problems and loneliness—constructs with transdiagnostic relevance.

Keywords

sleep sleep disturbances loneliness social isolation meta-analysis

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A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Loneliness

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