Massive open online interventions (MOOIs) have the potential to increase the reach, scalability, and affordability of psychological interventions. This article reports on an extension of a proof-of-concept participant-preference smoking-cessation trial conducted in the form of a MOOI. This resource was available in Spanish and English for 30 months, and a total of 292,978 individuals from 168 countries visited the site. This report presents data on the last 18 months of recruitment during which 27,163 participants were screened for eligibility, 8,881 signed consent, and 7,407 completed the baseline survey. Observed quit rates were 39.2%, 43.5%, 45.7%, and 50.3%, respectively, at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months; at the same time intervals, the missing=smoking quit rates were 7.6%, 5.7%, 4.8%, and 5.5%. Results suggest that MOOIs have the potential to provide people worldwide with evidence-based behavioral interventions. The authors conclude that MOOIs should become an integral part of global health efforts.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
2.
BalasE. A.BorenS. A. (2000). Managing clinical knowledge for health care improvement. In BemmelJ.McCrayA. (Eds.), Yearbook of medical informatics 2000: Patient-centered systems (pp. 65–70). Stuttgart, Germany: Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft.
3.
BowdenJ. (2008). Why do nursing students who consider leaving stay on their courses?Nurse Researcher, 15(3), 45–58.
4.
ChristensenA.MillerW. R.MuñozR. F. (1978). Paraprofessionals, partners, peers, paraphernalia, and print: Expanding mental health service delivery. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 9, 249–270.
5.
ChristensenH.GriffithsK.GrovesC.KortenA. (2006). Free range users and one hit wonders: Community users of an Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy program. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 59–62.
6.
ChristensenH.GriffithsK. M.KortenA. (2002). Web-based cognitive behavior therapy: Analysis of site usage and changes in depression and anxiety scores. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 4(1), e3. Retrieved from http://www.jmir.org/2002/1/e3/
7.
FioreM. C.SmithS. S.JorenbyD. E.BakerT. B. (1994). The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 1940–1947.
GallegoM. J.ModestoM.MuñozM. A.AlmajanoM. J.ModolellE.PerisC. P.EmmelkampP. M. G. (2014). Tratamiento vía Internet con contactos semanales por e-mail utilizado en una unidad de tabaquismo: Utilidad clínica y predictores de éxito [Treatment via the Internet with weekly e-mail contacts used in a smoking cessation: Clinical utility and predictors of success]. Behavioral Psychology/Psicologia Conductual, 22, 61–78.
HeathertonT. F.KozlowskiL. T.FreckerR. C.FagerströmK. O. (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127.
KazdinA. E.BlaseS. L. (2011). Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 21–37. doi:10.1177/1745691610393527
15.
KazdinA. E.RabbittS. M. (2013). Novel models for delivering mental health services and reducing the burdens of mental illness. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 170–191. doi:10.1177/2167702612463566
16.
LandoH. A.McGovernP. G.BarriosF. X.EtringerB. D. (1990). Comparative evaluation of American Cancer Society and American Lung Association smoking cessation clinics. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 554–559.
17.
LenertL.MuñozR. F.PerezJ. E.BansodA. (2004). Automated e-mail messaging as a tool for improving quit rates in an Internet smoking cessation intervention. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11, 235–240. doi:10.1197/jamia.M1464.Affiliations
18.
LevinsonA. H.Pérez-StableE. J.EspinozaP.FloresE. T.ByersT. E. (2004). Latinos report less use of pharmaceutical aids when trying to quit smoking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26, 105–111. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2003.10.012
19.
LeykinY.AguileraA.TorresL. D.Pérez-StableE. J.MuñozR. F. (2012). Interpreting the outcomes of automated Internet-based randomized trials: Example of an international smoking cessation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(1), e5. Retrieved from http://www.jmir.org/2012/1/e5/
20.
MohrD. C.SchuellerS. M.ArayaR.GurejeO.MontagueE. (2014). Mental health technologies and the needs of cultural groups. Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 326–327. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70261-5
21.
MuñozR.AguileraA.SchuellerS. M.LeykinY.Pérez-StableE. J. (2012). From online randomized controlled trials to participant preference studies: Morphing the San Francisco Stop Smoking site into a worldwide smoking cessation resource. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(3), e64. Retrieved from http://www.jmir.org/2012/3/e64/
22.
MuñozR. F.BarreraA. Z.DelucchiK.PenillaC.TorresL. D.Pérez-StableE. J. (2009). International Spanish/English Internet smoking cessation trial yields 20% abstinence rates at 1 year. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11, 1025–1034. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp090
23.
MuñozR. F.ChenK.BungeE. L.BravinJ. I.ShaughnessyE. A.Pérez-StableE. J. (2014). Reaching Spanish-speaking smokers online: A 10-year worldwide research program. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 35, 407–414.
24.
MuñozR. F.LenertL. L.DelucchiK.StoddardJ.PerezJ. E.PenillaC.Pérez-StableE. J. (2006). Toward evidence-based Internet interventions: A Spanish/English Web site for international smoking cessation trials. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 8, 77–87. doi:10.1080/14622200500431940
25.
MuñozR. F.MarínB. V.PosnerS. F.Pérez-StableE. J. (1997). Mood management mail intervention increases abstinence rates for Spanish-speaking Latino smokers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 325–343.
Pérez-StableE. J.SabogalF.MarínG.MarínB. V.Otero-SabogalR. (1991). Evaluation of “Guia para dejar de fumar,” a self-help guide in Spanish to quit smoking. Public Health Reports, 106, 564–570.
29.
RadloffL. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
30.
RileyW. T.GlasgowR. E.EtheredgeL.AbernethyA. P. (2013). Rapid, responsive, relevant (R3) research: A call for a rapid learning health research enterprise. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 2(10), 1–6. doi:10.1186/2001-1326-2-10
31.
SchuellerS.LeykinY.Pérez-StableE.MuñozR. F. (2013). Selection of intervention components in an Internet stop smoking participant preference trial: Beyond randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Research, 205, 159–164. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.030
32.
SpitzerR. L.WilliamsJ. B.KroenkeK.LinzerM.deGruyF. V.HahnS. R.. . . JohnsonJ. G. (1994). Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The PRIME-MD 1000 study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1749–1756.
33.
VázquezF. L.MuñozR. F.BlancoV.LópezM. (2008). Validation of Muñoz’s Mood Screener in a nonclinical Spanish population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 57–64. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.24.1
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
