Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

LGBTQ + emerging adults who are rejected by their caregivers often experience negative mental health outcomes, lower resilience, and decreased ability to establish positive social support networks. The current study used a sample of 460 LGBTQ + emerging adults (ages 18–25, M_age = 21.6) to examine the relationships between caregiver rejection and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Also, we examined the mediating role of psychosocial resources at the individual level (i.e., resilience) and community level (i.e., social support from significant other, family, and friends) in the relationship between caregiver rejection and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Resilience, but not social support, partially mediated the positive relationships between caregiver rejection and all mental health outcomes. Findings suggest that although early exposure to caregiver rejection is associated with a diminished ability to develop intrapersonal resilience, LGBTQ + emerging adults who are rejected by their caregivers may still develop strong social support networks that shield them from the negative psychological effects of early rejection.

Keywords

LGBTQ+ adults caregiver rejection resilience social support mental health

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abreu

R. L.

Gattamorta

K. A.

Gonzalez

K. A.

Capielo Rosario

Roman Laporte

R. L.

Domenech Rodríguez

M. M.

(2023). LGBTQ caregiver acceptance scale (LCAS): Development and validation with a latinx sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(6), 875–887. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001122

Abreu

R. L.

Lefevor

G. T.

Gonzalez

K. A.

Barrita

A. M.

Watson

R. J.

(2023). Bullying, depression, and parental acceptance in a sample of latinx sexual and gender minority youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 20(3), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2022.2071791

Abreu

R. L.

Lefevor

G. T.

Gonzalez

K. A.

Teran

Watson

R. J.

(2024). Parental support, depressive symptoms, and LGBTQ adolescents: Main and moderation effects in a diverse sample. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 53(5), 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2096047

Alessi

E. J.

Meyer

I. H.

Martin

J. I.

(2013). PTSD and sexual orientation: An examination of criterion A1 and non-criterion A1 events. Psychological Trauma. Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026642

American Psychiatric Association . (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.

Ansara

Y. G.

Hegarty

(2011). Cisgenderism in psychology: Pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology & Sexuality, 3(2), 137–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2011.576696

Antebi-Gruszka

Friedman

A. A.

Schrimshaw

E. W.

(2021). Character strengths and their associations with well-being and mental distress among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer individuals. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 33(2), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2020.1859424

Arnett

J. J.

(2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469

Balsam

K. F.

Molina

Beadnell

Simoni

Walters

(2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT people of color microaggressions scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023244

10.

Basting

E. J.

Medenblik

A. M.

Garner

A. R.

Sullivan

J. A.

Romero

G. J.

Shorey

R. C.

Stuart

G. L.

(2024). Intimate partner violence perpetration among sexual minority young adults: Associations with alcohol use, PTSD symptoms, internalized homophobia, and heterosexist discrimination. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(1-2), 312–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231197152

11.

Batista

I. C.

Pereira

(2020). Mental health, resilience and HIV in older gay and bisexual men. Educational Gerontology, 46(9), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2020.1785673

12.

Bennett

K. M.

Morselli

Spahni

Perrig-Chiello

(2020). Trajectories of resilience among widows: A latent transition model. Aging & Mental Health, 24(12), 2014–2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1647129

13.

Blair

K. L.

Pukall

C. F.

(2015). Family matters, but sometimes chosen family matters more: Perceived social network influence in the dating decisions of same- and mixed-sex couples. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.243-a3

14.

Blevins

C. A.

Weathers

F. W.

Davis

M. T.

Witte

T. K.

Domino

J. L.

(2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059

15.

Bos

H. M. W.

Sandfort

T. G. M.

de Bruyn

E. H.

Hakvoort

E. M.

(2008). Same-sex attraction, social relationships, psychosocial functioning, and school performance in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.59

16.

Bovin

M. J.

Marx

B. P.

Weathers

F. W.

Gallagher

M. W.

Rodriguez

Schnurr

P. P.

Keane

T. M.

(2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders–fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379–1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254

17.

Bronfenbrenner

(1994). Ecological models of human development. In Husen

Postlethwaite

T. N.

(Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (2nd ed., Vol. 3). Elsevier.

18.

Brooks

V. R.

(1981). Minority stress and Lesbian women. Lexington Books.

19.

Brown

Porta

C. M.

Eisenberg

M. E.

McMorris

B. J.

Sieving

R. E.

(2020). Family relationships and the health and well-being of transgender and gender-diverse youth: A critical review. LGBT Health, 7(8), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0200

20.

Cao

Zhou

Qiao

Liang

Jiang

(2024). Gender minority stressors and psychological distress among Chinese transgender and gender-diverse people: Pride as a protector and community connectedness as a compensator. In: Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. APA.

21.

Chan

R. C. H.

Mak

W. W. S.

(2019). Cognitive, regulatory, and interpersonal mechanisms of HIV stigma on the mental and social health of men who have sex with men living with HIV. American Journal of Men's Health, 13(5), 1557988319873778. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319873778

22.

Chan

R. C. H.

Mak

W. W. S.

(2021). Resistance as a form of resilience in sexual and gender minorities: Differential moderating roles of collective action on the discrimination-depression relationship among sexual minority men and women. Social Science & Medicine, 280, 114056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114056

23.

Chodzen

Hidalgo

M. A.

Chen

Garofalo

(2019). Minority stress factors associated with depression and anxiety among transgender and gender-nonconforming youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 467–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.07.006

24.

Clark

K. A.

Dougherty

L. R.

Pachankis

J. E.

(2022). A study of parents of sexual and gender minority children: Linking parental reactions with child mental health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000456

25.

Cohen

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum.

26.

Çon

H. Ö.

Osmanağaoğlu

(2024). Traumatic stress, social support, resilience, and posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma. Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 17(6), 1340–1348. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001833

27.

Dale

S. K.

Sanders

Safren

S. A.

Ironson

O'Cleirigh

(2020). Correlates of resilience after childhood sexual abuse among men who have sex with men. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1719263

28.

D'Amico

Julien

(2012). Disclosure of sexual orientation and gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths’ adjustment: Associations with past and current parental acceptance and rejection. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 8(3), 215–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2012.677232

29.

DeChants

J. P.

Shelton

Anyon

Y. (Y. )

Bender

(2022). “It kinda breaks my heart”: LGBTQ young adults' responses to family rejection. Family Relations, 71(3), 968–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12638

30.

DelFerro

Whelihan

Min

Powell

DiFiore

Gzesh

Jelinek

Schwartz

K. T. G.

Davis

Jones

J. D.

Fiks

A. G.

Jenssen

B. P.

Wood

(2024). The role of family support in moderating mental health outcomes for LGBTQ+ youth in primary care. JAMA Pediatrics, 178(9), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.1956

31.

Dewaele

Cox

Van den Berghe

Vincke

(2011). Families of choice? Exploring the supportive networks of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(2), 312–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00715.x

32.

Drydakis

(2022). Social rejection, family acceptance, economic recession, and physical and mental health of sexual minorities. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19(3), 1318–1340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00640-4

33.

Ecker

(2016). Queer, young, and homeless. Child & Youth Services, 37(4), 325–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935x.2016.1151781

34.

Elizur

Ziv

(2001). Family support and acceptance, gay male identity formation, and psychological adjustment: A path model. Family Process, 40(2), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2001.4020100125.x

35.

Flanders

C. E.

Shuler

S. A.

Desnoyers

S. A.

VanKim

N. A.

(2019). Relationships between social support, identity, anxiety, and depression among young bisexual people of color. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(2), 253–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2019.1617543

36.

Flores

A. R.

Stotzer

R. L.

Meyer

I. H.

Langton

L. L.

(2022). Hate crimes against LGBT people, 2017-2019. PLoS One, 17(12), e0279363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279363

37.

Galatzer-Levy

I. R.

Bonanno

G. A.

(2012). Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: Heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 74(12), 1987–1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.022

38.

Garcia

Vargas

Clark

J. L.

Magaña Álvarez

Nelons

D. A.

Parker

R. G.

(2020). Social isolation and connectedness as determinants of well-being: Global evidence mapping focused on LGBTQ youth. Global Public Health, 15(4), 497–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1682028

39.

Gattamorta

Salerno

J. P.

Laporte

R. R.

(2022). Family rejection during COVID-19: Effects on sexual and gender minority stress and mental health among LGBTQ university students. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2022.2083041

40.

Ghabrial

M. A.

(2019). “We can shapeshift and build bridges”: Bisexual women and gender diverse people of color on invisibility and embracing the borderlands. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(2), 169–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2019.1617526

41.

Grocott

L. R.

Schlechter

T. E.

Wilder

S. M. J.

O'Hair

C. M.

Gidycz

C. A.

Shorey

R. C.

(2023). Social support as a buffer of the association between sexual assault and trauma symptoms among transgender and gender diverse individuals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(1-2), NP1738–NP1761. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221092069

42.

Hall

W. J.

(2018). Psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer youth: A systematic review. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(3), 263–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1317467

43.

Harper

K. L.

Blosnich

J. R.

Livingston

Vogt

Bernhard

P. A.

Hoffmire

C. A.

Maguen

Schneiderman

(2024). Trauma exposure, mental health, and mental health treatment among LGBTQ+ veterans and nonveterans. Psychological Trauma, 17(8), 1651–1658. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001735

44.

Hayes

A. F.

(2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.

45.

Hayes

A. F.

(2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683

46.

Hayes

A. F.

Scharkow

(2013). The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: Does method really matter? Psychological Science, 24(10), 1918–1927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613480187

47.

Hendricks

M. L.

Testa

R. J.

(2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597

48.

Klein

Golub

S. A.

(2016). Family rejection as a predictor of suicide attempts and substance misuse among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. LGBT Health, 3(3), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0111

49.

Kontopantelis

White

I. R.

Sperrin

Buchan

(2017). Outcome-sensitive multiple imputation: A simulation study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0281-5

50.

Kroenke

Spitzer

R. L.

Williams

J. B. W.

(2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

51.

Lefevor

G. T.

Sorrell

S. A.

Skidmore

S. J.

Huynh

K. D.

Golightly

R. M.

Standifird

Searle

Call

(2024). When connecting with LGBTQ+ communities helps and why it does: A meta-analysis of the relationship between connectedness and health-related outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 150(11), 1261–1286. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000447

52.

Lippold

M. A.

Hall

Williams

D. Y.

Jenkins

Dawes

Mills-Koonce

(2025). Parenting and queer youth mental health and substance use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adolescent Research Review, 10(1), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00232-4

53.

Lira

A. N.

Morais

N. A.

(2018). Resilience in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations: An integrative literature review. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(3), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0285-x

54.

Luthar

S. S.

Cicchetti

Becker

(2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164

55.

Lyons

(2015). Resilience in lesbians and gay men: A review and key findings from a nationwide Australian survey. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1051517

56.

Marchi

Travascio

Uberti

De Micheli

Grenzi

Arcolin

Pingani

Ferrari

Galeazzi

G. M.

(2023). Post-traumatic stress disorder among LGBTQ people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 32, e44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796023000586

57.

Masten

A. S.

Monn

A. R.

(2015). Child and family resilience: A call for integrated science, practice, and professional training. Family Relations, 64(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12103

58.

Matsuno

Bricker

N. L.

Collazo

Huynh

K. D.

Mohr

Colson

A. E.

Balsam

K. F.

(2024). Development and validation of the nonbinary distal minority stressors, proximal minority stressors, and resilience scales. In: Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity. APA.

59.

Mattanah

J. F.

Lopez

F. G.

Govern

J. M.

(2011). The contributions of parental attachment bonds to college student development and adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 565–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024635

60.

McConnell

E. A.

Birkett

Mustanski

(2016). Families matter: Social support and mental health trajectories among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(6), 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026

61.

McConnell

E. A.

Birkett

M. A.

Mustanski

(2015). Typologies of social support and associations with mental health outcomes among LGBT youth. LGBT Health, 2(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051

62.

Meanley

Flores

D. D.

Listerud

Chang

C. J.

Feinstein

B. A.

Watson

R. J.

(2021). The interplay of familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific family rejection on LGBTQ+ adolescents’ self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 93, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.10.002

63.

Meyer

I. H.

(2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674

64.

Meyer

L. E.

Wenzel

K. R.

Berg

S. K.

Mette

Schacht

R. L.

(2024). Posttraumatic stress disorder and emotion regulation difficulties among sexual minority adults in residential substance use disorder treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, 60(4), 471–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2024.2434018

65.

Miceli

Klibert

Yancey

C. T.

(2019). Minority stress and suicidal behavior: Investigating a protective model through resilience in a bisexual sample. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2019.1567433

66.

Oswald

R. F.

(2002). Resilience within the family networks of lesbians and gay men: Intentionality and redefinition. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00374.x

67.

Parmenter

J. G.

Galliher

R. V.

Maughan

A. D. A.

(2021). LGBTQ+ emerging adults perceptions of discrimination and exclusion within the LGBTQ+ community. Psychology & Sexuality, 12(4), 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1716056

68.

Parnes

J. E.

Mereish

E. H.

Meisel

S. N.

Treloar Padovano

Miranda

(2023). In the presence of parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(2), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.029

69.

Parra

L. A.

Benibgui

Helm

J. L.

Hastings

P. D.

(2016). Minority stress predicts depression in lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults via elevated diurnal cortisol. Emerging Adulthood, 4(5), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815626822

70.

Pastrana

(2015). Being out to others: The relative importance of family support, identity and religion for LGBT Latina/Os. Latino Studies, 13(1), 88–112. https://doi.org/10.1057/lst.2014.69

71.

Pollitt

A. M.

Fish

J. N.

Watson

R. J.

(2023). Measurement equivalence of family acceptance/rejection among sexual and gender minority youth by disclosure status. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001056

72.

Pozzar

Hammer

M. J.

Underhill-Blazey

Wright

A. A.

Tulsky

J. A.

Hong

Gundersen

D. A.

Berry

D. L.

(2020) (In this issue). Threats of bots and other bad actors to data quality following research participant recruitment through social media: Cross-sectional questionnaire. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10), e23021. https://doi.org/10.2196/23021

73.

Preacher

K. J.

Hayes

A. F.

(2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879

74.

Puckett

J. A.

Woodward

E. N.

Mereish

E. H.

Pantalone

D. W.

(2015). Parental rejection following sexual orientation disclosure: Impact on internalized homophobia, social support, and mental health. LGBT Health, 2(3), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0024

75.

Richter

B. E.

Lindahl

K. M.

Malik

N. M.

(2017). Examining ethnic differences in parental rejection of LGB youth sexual identity. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(2), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000235

76.

Roberts

L. M.

Christens

B. D.

(2021). Pathways to well-being among LGBT adults: Sociopolitical involvement, family support, outness, and community connectedness with race/ethnicity as a moderator. American Journal of Community Psychology, 67(3-4), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12482

77.

Robinson

B. A.

(2018). Conditional families and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth homelessness: Gender, sexuality, family instability, and rejection. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(2), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12466

78.

Robinson

B. A.

Stone

A. L.

(2024). Trans family systems framework: Theorizing families' gender investments and divestments in cisnormativity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 86(5), 1205–1227. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12988

79.

Root

M. P. P.

(1992). Reconstructing the impact of trauma on personality. In Brown

L. S.

Ballou

(Eds.), Personality and psychopathology: Feminist reappraisals (pp. 229–265). The Guilford Press.

80.

Rossi

N. E.

Bisconti

T. L.

Bergeman

C. S.

(2007). The role of dispositional resilience in regaining life satisfaction after the loss of a spouse. Death Studies, 31(10), 863–883. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701603246

81.

Ryan

Russell

S. T.

Huebner

Diaz

Sanchez

(2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x

82.

Saewyc

E. M.

(2011). Research on adolescent sexual orientation: Development, health disparities, stigma and resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x

83.

Seelman

K. L.

Woodford

M. R.

Nicolazzo

(2017). Victimization and microaggressions targeting LGBTQ college students: Gender identity as a moderator of psychological distress. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 26(1-2), 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2016.1263816

84.

Smith

B. W.

Dalen

Wiggins

Tooley

Christopher

Bernard

(2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972

85.

Smith

I. P.

Oades

McCarthy

(2012). Homophobia to heterosexism: Constructs in need of re-visitation. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 8(1), 34–44.

86.

Spitzer

R. L.

Kroenke

Williams

J. B. W.

Löwe

(2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

87.

Suen

L. W.

Lunn

M. R.

Katuzny

Finn

Duncan

Sevelius

Flentje

Obedin-Maliver

Lubensky

M. E.

Hunt

Weber

Bibbins-Domingo

(2020). What sexual and gender minority people want researchers to know about sexual orientation and gender identity questions: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2301–2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01810-y

88.

Trombetta

Rollè

(2022). Intimate partner violence perpetration among sexual minority people and associated factors: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(3), 886–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00761-4

89.

van Stolk-Cooke

Price

Dyar

Zimmerman

Kaysen

(2024). Associations of past-year overall trauma, sexual assault and PTSD with social support for young adult sexual minority women. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 2287911. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2287911

90.

Wang

Lao

C. K.

Wang

Zhou

(2022). The impact of sexual minority stigma on depression. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19(2), 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00558-x

91.

Weathers

F. W.

Litz

B. T.

Keane

T. M.

Palmieri

P. A.

Marx

B. P.

Schnurr

P. P.

(2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD.

92.

Weston

(1991). Families we choose: Lesbians, gays, kindship. Columbia University Press.

93.

Windle

Bennett

K. M.

(2012). Caring relationships: How to promote resilience in challenging times. In Ungar

(Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice (pp. 219–231). Springer.

94.

Zhang

Farina

R. E.

Lawrence

S. E.

Walters

T. L.

Lefkowitz

E. S.

Hanna-Walker

(2022). How social support and parent–child relationship quality relate to LGBTQ+ college students’ well-being during COVID-19. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(5), 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000981

95.

Zimet

G. D.

Dahlem

N. W.

Zimet

S. G.

Farley

G. K.

(1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2

96.

Zimmerman

Darnell

D. A.

Rhew

I. C.

Lee

C. M.

Kaysen

(2015). Resilience in community: A social ecological development model for young adult sexual minority women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9702-6

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.15 MB

Rejected by Caregivers but Connected to Others: Resilience Factors and Negative Mental Health Outcomes Among LGBTQ+ Emerging Adults

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material