Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Flourishing has emerged as an important concept in human thriving. Yet, limited research has examined flourishing among Black emerging adults. Ethnic and racial identity (ERI) and religiosity are critical cultural strengths that promote positive outcomes for Black emerging adults. However, their unique and concurrent contributions to flourishing remain understudied. Data from 591 African American, Black Caribbean, and Continental African Christian undergraduates in the 2020-2021 Healthy Minds Study tested hypothesized links between one domain of ERI (i.e., centrality), religiosity, and flourishing. We probed for within-group differences. Linear regression results revealed that higher levels of ERI centrality and frequency of religious social participation were positively associated with flourishing for the full sample. Ethnicity did not moderate the ERI centrality-flourishing link. Stratified model results suggest that these relationships were only significant for African Americans. Our findings underscore the importance of studying positive outcomes in Black emerging adults and probing for within-group heterogeneity.

Keywords

emerging adulthood ethnic and racial identity religion flourishing healthy minds study

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Adams

D. R.

Meyers

S. A.

Beidas

R. S.

(2016). The relationship between financial strain, perceived stress, psychological symptoms, and academic and social integration in undergraduate students. Journal of American College Health, 64(5), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1154559

Anderson

R. E.

Anyiwo

Gumudavelly

Reddy

Galán

C. A.

Nguyen

A. W.

Taylor

R. J.

(2023). Racial socialization provision in African American and Black Caribbean families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02415-w

Asante

Sekimoto

Brown

(2016). Becoming “black”: Exploring the racialized experiences of African immigrants in the United States. Howard Journal of Communications, 27(4), 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2016.1206047

Badio

K. S.

Abreu

R. L.

Ateyah

W. A.

(2024). “I’m here. We’re here. My people and I exist”: Exploring the psychopolitical experiences of Black immigrant college students attending predominantly White institutions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 71(5), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000751

Bailey

E. K.

(2017). ‘I am studying in the US but’: Observations and insights from Caribbean college students. Social Identities , 23(1), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2016.1179568

Barredo

Kanu

Gishe

Raynes

Cosby

Tolleson

(2023). Stress and stressors: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students, faculty and staff at a Historically Black College/University. Journal of Community Health, 48(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-022-01161-w

Bashi

V. F.

(2007). Survival of the knitted: Immigrant social networks in a stratified world. Stanford University Press.

Benson

J. E.

(2006). Exploring the racial identities of Black immigrants in the United States. Sociological Forum, 21(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11206-006-9013-7

Blake

(2014). African American and Black as demographic codes. Language and Linguistics Compass, 8(11), 548–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12118

10.

Blassingame

J. C.

III Watson-Singleton

N. N.

Mekawi

Lewis

C. B.

Ferdinand

N. L.

Kaslow

N. J.

(2023). Racial identity profiles and indicators of well-being in suicidal African American women. Journal of African American Studies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-023-09638-1

11.

Boeder

Fruiht

Hwang

Blanco

Chan

(2022). Learning to love, work, and live your best life: Mentoring in emerging adulthood predicts later flourishing and subjective well-Being. Emerging Adulthood, 10(5), 1222–1234. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211012879

12.

Brittian

A. S.

Lewin

Norris

S. A.

(2013). South African adolescents’ perceptions of religion in time of social change. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(6), 642–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413480834

13.

Butterfield

S. A. P.

(2004). Challenging American conceptions of race and ethnicity: Second generation West Indian immigrants. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 24(7/8), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330410791028

14.

Caldwell-Colbert

Parks

Eshun

(2009). Positive psychology: African American strengths, resilience, and protective factors. In Neville

Tynes

Utsey

(Eds.), Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 375–384). Sage.

15.

Chacko

(2020). Fitting in and standing out: Identity and transnationalism among second-generation African immigrants in the United States. In Identity and transnationalism (pp. 110-124). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429354502-7

16.

Chapman-Hilliard

Hunter

Adams-Bass

Mbilishaka

Jones

Holmes

Holman

A. C.

(2022). Racial identity and historical narratives in the civic engagement of Black emerging adults. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 15(2), 230, 240. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000251

17.

Chatters

L. M.

Taylor

R. J.

Bullard

K. M.

Jackson

J. S.

(2008). Spirituality and subjective religiosity among African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and Non-Hispanic whites. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(4), 725-737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00437.x

18.

Chatters

L. M.

Taylor

R. J.

Bullard

K. M.

Jackson

J. S.

(2009). Race and ethnic differences in religious involvement: African Americans, Caribbean blacks and non-Hispanic whites. Ethnic and racial studies, 32(7), 1143–1163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870802334531

19.

Chavous

T. M.

Richardson

B. L.

Webb

F. R.

Fonseca-Bolorin

Leath

(2018). Shifting contexts and shifting identities: Campus race-related experiences, racial identity, and academic motivation among Black students during the transition to college. Race and Social Problems, 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-017-9218-9

20.

Chen

Haines

Charlton

B. M.

VanderWeele

T. J.

(2019). Positive parenting improves multiple aspects of health and well-being in young adulthood. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(7), 684–691.

21.

Cokley

(2007). Critical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.224

22.

Constantine

M. G.

Miville

M. L.

Warren

A. K.

Gainor

K. A.

Lewis‐Coles

M. A. E.

(2006). Religion, spirituality, and career development in African American college students: A qualitative inquiry. The Career Development Quarterly, 54(3), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00154.x

23.

Cooper

W. P.

Mitra

(2018). Religious disengagement and stigma management by African-American young adults. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(4), 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1502462

24.

de la Fuente

Parra

Sánchez-Queija

Lizaso

(2020). Flourishing during emerging adulthood from a gender perspective. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(8), 2889–2908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00204-9

25.

de la Fuente

Sánchez-Queija

Parra

Á.

(2023). A longitudinal study on the stability and predictors of flourishing among emerging adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 55(3), 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000327

26.

Denton

M. L.

Culver

(2015). Family disruption and racial variation in adolescent and emerging adult religiosity. Sociology of Religion, 76(2), 222–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srv014

27.

Dibley

(2018). Do not forsake the assembly: The importance of Christian community. Review & Expositor, 115(3), 407–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034637318790757

28.

Diener

Wirtz

Tov

Kim-Prieto

Choi

D. W.

Oishi

Biswas-Diener

(2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y

29.

Donahoo

(2011). Becoming grounded and focused: African-American women’s perspectives on church, spirituality, religion, and college life. In Chambers

C. R.

(Ed.), Support systems and services for diverse populations: Considering the intersection of race, gender, and the needs of Black female undergraduates (pp. 73–88). Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-3644(2011)0000008008

30.

Donahoo

Caffey

R. A.

(2010). A sense of home: The impact of church participation on African American college students. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 19(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656211003630471

31.

Duru

Poyrazli

Sonmez

(2015). Black ethnic identity and psychological well-being among African American college students in the United States. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 398–409.

32.

Foner

(2016). Black immigrants and the realities of racism: Comments and questions. Journal of American Ethnic History, 36(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.1.0063

33.

Forsyth

J. M.

Hall

Carter

R. T.

(2015). Racial identity among African Americans and black west Indian Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038076

34.

Gable

S. L.

Haidt

(2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.103

35.

Grapin

S. L.

Masia Warner

Cunningham

D. J.

Bonumwezi

J. L.

Mahmud

Portillo

N. L.

Nisenson

(2024). Online racial discrimination, centrality, and academic outcomes among Black youth. School Psychology, 39(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000614

36.

Grayman-Simpson

Mattis

J. S.

(2013). Doing good and feeling good among African Americans: Subjective religiosity, helping, and satisfaction. Journal of Black Psychology, 39(4), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412461809

37.

Grier-Reed

Maples

Houseworth

Ajayi

(2023). Posttraumatic growth and flourishing in the face of racial trauma. Psychological trauma: Theory, research, practice, and policy, 15(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001220

38.

Griffin

del Pilar

McIntosh

Griffin

(2012). “Oh, of course I'm going to go to college”: Understanding how habitus shapes the college choice process of Black immigrant students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(2), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028393

39.

Griffin

K. A.

McIntosh

K. L.

(2015). Finding a fit: Understanding Black immigrant students’ engagement in campus activities. Journal of College Student Development, 56(3), 243–260.

40.

Guenther

K. M.

Pendaz

Songora Makene

(2011). The impact of intersecting dimensions of inequality and identity on the racial status of Eastern African immigrants. In Sociological Forum. (26, Iss. 1, pp. 98–120). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01226.x

41.

Hall

T. N.

(2024). “I get to make my own decisions”: Understanding Black Christian students’ spiritual development journeys. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education . https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000576

42.

Hall

T. N.

Park

J. J.

(2024). “Plant my feet on higher ground”: Understanding how Black megachurches create a college-going culture. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 17(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000390

43.

Harris-Britt

Valrie

C. R.

Kurtz-Costes

Rowley

S. J.

(2007). Perceived racial discrimination and self-esteem in African American youth: Racial socialization as a protective factor. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(4), 669–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00540.x

44.

Healthy Minds

Network.

(2021). Retrieved from https://healthymindsnetwork.org/hms/

45.

Hernandez

K.-A. C.

Murray-Johnson

K. K.

(2015). Towards a different construction of Blackness: Black immigrant scholars on racial identity development in the United States. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(2), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v17i2.1050

46.

Herndon

M. K.

(2003). Expressions of spirituality among African-American college males. Journal of Men's Studies, 12(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1201.75

47.

Hope

M. O.

Lee

D. B.

Hsieh

H. F.

Hurd

N. M.

Sparks

H. L.

Zimmerman

M. A.

(2019). Violence exposure and sexual risk behaviors for African American adolescent girls: The protective role of natural mentorship and organizational religious involvement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 64(1-2), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12341

48.

Hope

M. O.

Taggart

Galbraith-Gyan

K. V.

Nyhan

(2020). Black Caribbean emerging adults: A systematic review of religion and health. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00932-5

49.

House

L. A.

Neal

Kolb

(2020). Supporting the mental health needs of first generation college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 34(2), 157–167.

50.

Hubbard

S. A.

Lakey

Jones

S. C.

Cage

J. L.

(2022). Black racial identity, perceived support, and mental health within dyadic relationships. Journal of Black Psychology, 48(6), 772–793. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984221079209

51.

Hudson

D. L.

Purnell

J. Q.

Duncan

A. E.

Baker

(2015). Subjective religiosity, church attendance, and depression in the National Survey of American Life. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(2), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9850-2

52.

Hunter

C. D.

(2008). Individualistic and collectivistic worldviews: Implications for understanding perceptions of racial discrimination in African Americans and British Caribbean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.321

53.

Institute of International Education . (2024). “International Students by Academic Level and Place of Origin, 2000/01 - 2023/24.” Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange. Retrieved from https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/academic-level-and-places-of-origin/

54.

Jackson-Nevels

Davis-Wagner

Chung

Green

Ericksen

K. S.

(2024). An HBCU examination: Flourishing and psychological well-being of college students during a pandemic. Social Work in Mental Health, 22(3), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2024.2314469

55.

Johnson

V. M. S.

(2008). “What, then, is the African American?” African and Afro-Caribbean identities in black America. Journal of American Ethnic History, 28(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501883

56.

Johnson

V. S.

(2016). When blackness stings: African and Afro-Caribbean immigrants, race, and racism in late twentieth-century America. Journal of American Ethnic History, 36(1), 31–62. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.1.0031

57.

Jones

Erving

C. L.

(2015). in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 46(5), 521–546.

58.

Jones

M. K.

Leath

Latimer

Lawson

Briones

(2022). The impact of COVID-19 on Black college students' mental health. Journal of College Student Development, 63(3), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2022.0021

59.

Joseph

Watson

N. N.

Wang

Case

A. D.

Hunter

C. D.

(2013). Rules of engagement: Predictors of Black Caribbean immigrants’ engagement with African American culture. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(4), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032659

60.

Keyes

C. L.

(2009). The Black–White paradox in health: Flourishing in the face of social inequality and discrimination. Journal of Personality, 77(6), 1677–1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00597.x

61.

Keyes

C. L. M.

(2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197

62.

Kim

R. Y.

Murdock

(2023). To be safe and seen: BIPOC gen Z engagement in evangelical campus ministries. Religions, 14(8), 963–980. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14080963

63.

Leath

Hope

M. O.

Palmer

G. J.

Rose

(2022). Religious socialization and self-definition among Black undergraduate women attending predominantly white institutions. Emerging Adulthood, 10(4), 859–875. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211064684

64.

Lee

D. B.

Neblett

E. W.

Jackson

(2015). The role of optimism and religious involvement in the association between race-related stress and anxiety symptomatology. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(3), 221–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414522297

65.

Lee

D. L.

Ahn

(2013). The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination–distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031275

66.

Low

K. G.

(2011). Flourishing, substance use, and engagement in students entering college: A preliminary study. Journal of American College Health, 59(6), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.563432

67.

Loyd

A. B.

Derlan

C. L.

Smith

E. V.

Norris

S. A.

Richter

Roeser

R. W.

(2019). Evaluating the psychometric properties of a measure of ethnic identity among Black South African youth. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 19, 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2019.1566070

68.

Ludwig

(2020). It is tough to be a Liberian refugee in Staten Island, NY: The importance of context for second generation African immigrant youth. In Identity and transnationalism (pp. 71–92). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429354502-5

69.

Marks

L. D.

Chaney

(2006). Faith communities and African American families: Why the Black church matters (pp. 277–294). Religion and Psychology New Research Ambrose.

70.

Massey

D. S.

Mooney

Torres

K. C.

Charles

C. Z.

(2007). Black immigrants and Black natives attending selective colleges and universities in the United States. American Journal of Education, 113(2). https://doi.org/10.1086/510167

71.

Matthews

T. L.

Wilcox

K. J.

Zubrinsky

C. M.

(2016). Caribbean Americans: Acculturation, ethnic identity, and psychological well-Being. In Gielen

U. P.

Chin

J. L.

(Eds.), Handbook of caribbean psychology (pp. 119–132). Routledge.

72.

Mattis

J. S.

Palmer

G. J.

Hope

M. O.

(2019). Where our bright star is cast: Religiosity, spirituality, and positive Black development in urban landscapes. Religions, 10(12), 654.

73.

Mattis

J. S.

Simpson

N. G.

Powell

Anderson

R. E.

Kimbro

L. R.

Mattis

J. H.

(2016). Positive psychology in African Americans. In Chang

E. C.

Downey

C. A.

Hirsch

J. K.

Lin

N. J.

(Eds.), Positive psychology in racial and ethnic groups: Theory, research, and practice. https://doi.org/10.1037/14799-005

74.

McGuire

K. M.

(2018). Religion’s afterlife: The noninstitutional residuals of religion in Black college students’ lived experiences. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 11(3), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000058

75.

McGuire

K. M.

Sweet

J. D.

Bryant-Scott

McTier

T. S.

Ikegwuonu

(2020). A pledge of faithfulness: How Black Christian fraternity men embody race, gender and religious identities. The Journal of Higher Education, 91(2), 249–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2019.1631072

76.

Mushonga

D. R.

(2021). The glass is half full: The need to promote positive mental health in Black college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 35(4), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2020.1727804

77.

Mushonga

D. R.

Henneberger

A. K.

(2020). Protective factors associated with positive mental health in traditional and nontraditional Black students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000409

78.

Mwangi

C. A. G.

(2014). Complicating Blackness: Black immigrants & racial positioning in US higher education. Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis, 3(2).

79.

Mwangi

C. A. G.

Fries–Britt

(2015). Black within Black: The perceptions of Black immigrant collegians and their US college experience. About Campus, 20(2), 16–23.

80.

Nance

(2009). The church: A salient support system for African-American college students. Growth: The Journal of the Association for Christians in Student Development, 8(8), 4.

81.

Neblett

E. W.

Jr. Rivas‐Drake

Umaña‐Taylor

A. J.

(2012). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.x

82.

Nelson

L. J.

(2021). The theory of emerging adulthood 20 years later: A look at where it has taken us, what we know now, and where we need to go. Emerging Adulthood, 9(3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820950884

83.

Nelson

L. J.

Padilla-Walker

L. M.

(2013). Flourishing and floundering in emerging adult college students. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812470938

84.

Njororai

W. W.

(2023). African immigrants and the pursuit of the American dream in higher education. African Immigrants and the American Experience: Race, Anti-Black Violence, and the Quest for the American Dream, 105.

85.

(2023). Flourishing among young adult college students in the United States: Sexual/gender and racial/ethnic disparities. Social Work in Mental Health, 21(4), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2022.2155502

86.

Okonofua

B. A.

(2013). “I Am Blacker than you”: Theorizing conflict between African immigrants and African Americans in the United States. Sage Open, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013499162

87.

Padilla-Walker

L. M.

Memmott-Elison

M. K.

Nelson

L. J.

(2017). Positive relationships as an indicator of flourishing during emerging adulthood. In Flourishing in emerging adulthood: Positive development during the third decade of life (212). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0018

88.

Padilla-Walker

L. M.

Nelson

L. J.

(2017). Flourishing in emerging adulthood: An understudied approach to the third decade of life. In Padilla-Walker

L. M.

Nelson

L. J.

(Eds.), Flourishing in emerging adulthood: Positive development during the third decade of life (pp. 3–13): Oxford University Press.

89.

Palmer

A. N.

Patel

Narendorf

S. C.

Sledge

Sanchez

(2023). Changes in flourishing from adolescence to young adulthood: An 8‐year follow‐up. Child & Family Social Work, 28(1), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12953

90.

Parker

J. S.

Purvis

Williams

(2023). Religious/spiritual struggles and mental health among black adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-synthesis. Journal of Black Psychology, 49(2), 153–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984221136800

91.

Patton

L. D.

McClure

M. L.

(2009). Strength in the spirit: A qualitative examination of African American college women and the role of spirituality during college. The Journal of Negro Education, 42–54.

92.

Peltz

J. S.

Bodenlos

J. S.

Kingery

J. N.

Rogge

R. D.

(2021). The role of financial strain in college students’ work hours, sleep, and mental health. Journal of American College Health, 69(6), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1705306

93.

Perry

S. P.

Hardeman

Burke

S. E.

Cunningham

Burgess

D. J.

van Ryn

(2016). The impact of everyday discrimination and racial identity centrality on African American medical student well-being: A report from the medical student CHANGE study. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 3(3), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0170-3

94.

Pew Research Center . (2021). Faith among Black Americans. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/

95.

Pew Research Center . (2022a). Black Americans have a clear vision for reducing racism but little hope it will happen. https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2022/08/30/black-americans-have-a-clear-vision-for-reducing-racism-but-little-hope-it-will-happen/

96.

Pew Research Center . (2022b). One-in-ten Black people living in the United States are immigrants. https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2022/01/20/african-and-caribbean-born-adults-differ-on-measures-of-religiosity/

97.

Pinto

D. D.

(2022). Gospel choir as a space for racial and religious expression for Black students at a predominantly white institution. International Journal of Research in Choral Singing, 10, 295–326.

98.

Pope

M. L.

Moore

(2004). The Afro-American gospel choir: Achieving a positive campus climate for African American students. College Student Affairs Journal, 24(1), 84–90.

99.

Public Religion Research Institute . (2020). 2020 PRRI Census of American Religion: County-Level Data on Religious Identity and Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.prri.org/research/2020-census-of-american-religion/

100.

Riggins

R. K.

McNeal

Herndon

M. K.

(2008). The role of spirituality among African-American college males attending a historically Black university. College Student Journal, 42(1), 70–82.

101.

Rivas-Drake

Seaton

E. K.

Markstrom

Quintana

Syed

Lee

R. M.

Schwartz

S. J.

Umaña-Taylor

A. J.

French

Yip

Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group . (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12200

102.

Rogers

(2001). Black like who? Afro-Caribbean immigrants, African Americans, and the politics of group identity. In Foner

(Ed.), Islands in the city (pp. 163–192). University of California Press.

103.

Rose

Hope

M. O.

Thurman

Forrester

Rose

(2020). Nonorganizational religious involvement and psychosocial well-being among African American and Caribbean Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(5), 388–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420937856

104.

Ryff

C. D.

Singer

(2003). Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving. In Keyes

C. L. M.

Haidt

(Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived. APA. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-001

105.

Sanchez

Awad

G. H.

(2016). Ethnic group differences in racial identity attitudes, perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes in African American, Black Caribbean and Latino Caribbean college students. International Journal of Culture & Mental Health, 9(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2015.1081955

106.

Sanchez

Gilbert

D. J.

(2016). Exploring the relations between religious orientation and racial identity attitudes in African college students: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Black Studies, 47(4), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934715627280

107.

Seaton

E. K.

Neblett

E. W.

Upton

R. D.

Hammond

W. P.

Sellers

R. M.

(2011). The moderating capacity of racial identity between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being over time among African American youth. Child Development, 82(6), 1850–1867. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01651.x

108.

Seaton

E. K.

Yip

Sellers

R. M.

(2009). A longitudinal examination of racial identity and racial discrimination among African American adolescents. Child Development, 80(2), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01268.x

109.

Seligman

M. E. P.

Csikszentmihalyi

(2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.5

110.

Seligman

M. E. P.

Steen

T. A.

Park

Peterson

(2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410

111.

Sellers

Smith

Shelton

Rowley

Chavous

(1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2

112.

Sellers

R. M.

Caldwell

C. H.

Schmeelk-Cone

K. H.

Zimmerman

M. A.

(2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519781

113.

Sellers

R. M.

Chavous

T. M.

Cooke

D. Y.

(1998). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students' academic performance. Journal of Black Psychology, 24(1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984980241002

114.

Sellers

R. M.

Rowley

S. A.

Chavous

T. M.

Shelton

J. N.

Smith

M. A.

(1997). Multidimensional inventory of black identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.73.4.805

115.

Sellers

R. M.

Shelton

J. N.

(2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1079

116.

Shandy

D. J.

Fennelly

(2006). A comparison of the integration experiences of two African immigrant populations in a rural community. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 25(1), 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1300/j377v25n01_03

117.

Shelton

J. E.

Cobb

R. J.

(2017). Black RELTRAD: Measuring religious diversity and commonality among African Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(4), 737–764. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12378

118.

Showers

(2015). Being Black, foreign and woman: African immigrant identities in the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(10), 1815–1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1036763

119.

Smith

W. A.

Silva

(2011). Racial battle fatigue and the miseducation of Black men: Racial microaggressions, societal problems, and environmental stress. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(1), 63–82.

120.

Sofija

Harris

Sebar

Phung

(2021). Who are the flourishing emerging adults on the urban east coast of Australia? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031125

121.

Spencer

M. B.

(2006). Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: Development of diverse groups. In Lerner

R. M.

Damon

(Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (1, pp. 829–893). John Wiley & Sons Inc.6.

122.

Spencer

M. B.

Dupree

Hartmann

(1997). A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): A self-organization perspective in context. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 817–833. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579497001454

123.

StataCorp . 2019. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.

124.

Strayhorn

T. L.

(2011). Singing in a foreign land: An exploratory study of gospel choir participation among African American undergraduates at a predominantly White institution. Journal of College Student Development, 52(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2011.0030

125.

Strümpfer

D. J. W.

(2005). Standing on the shoulders of giants: Notes on early positive psychology (Psychofortology). South African Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500102

126.

Taylor

R. J.

Chatters

L. M.

(2010). Importance of religion and spirituality in the lives of African Americans, caribbean blacks and non-Hispanic whites. The Journal of Negro Education, 280–294.

127.

Taylor

R. J.

Chatters

L. M.

Jackson

J. S.

(2007b). Religious participation among older Black Caribbeans in the United States. Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences, 62(4), S251–S256. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.4.s251

128.

Taylor

R. J.

Chatters

L. M.

Joe

(2011). Non-organizational religious participation, subjective religiosity, and spirituality among older African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(3), 623–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9292-4

129.

Taylor

R. J.

Mattis

Chatters

L. M.

(1999). Subjective religiosity among African Americans: A synthesis of findings from five national samples. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(4), 524–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025004004

130.

Thelamour

Smith

N. A.

Tormala

T. T.

Hunter

C. D.

(2024). Black immigrant racial identity scholarship in the United States: A conceptual examination. Identity, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2024.2404504

131.

Thomas Tobin

C. S.

Gutiérrez

Á.

Norris

K. C.

Thorpe

R. J.

(2022). Discrimination, racial identity, and hypertension among Black Americans across young, middle, and older adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology, 77(11), 1990–2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac068

132.

Umaña-Taylor

A. J.

Quintana

S. M.

Lee

R. M.

Cross

W. E.

Rivas-Drake

Schwartz

S. J.

Syed

Yip

Seaton

French

Knight

G. P.

Markstrom

Sellers

R. M.

(2014). Ethnic and ethnic-racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12196

133.

Vaidyanathan

(2011). Religious resources or differential returns? Early religious socialization and declining attendance in emerging adulthood. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(2), 366–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01573.x

134.

VanderWeele

T. J.

(2017). Religious communities and human flourishing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(5), 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417721526

135.

Velez

Spencer

M. B.

(2018). Phenomenology and intersectionality: Using PVEST as a frame for adolescent identity formation amid intersecting ecological systems of inequality. In Santos

C. E.

Toomey

R. B.

(Eds.), Envisioning the integration of an intersectional lens in developmental science. (2018, pp. 75–90). New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20247

136.

Volpe

V. V.

Smith

N. A.

Skinner

O. D.

Lozada

F. T.

Hope

E. C.

Del Toro

(2022). Centering the heterogeneity of Black Adolescents' experiences: Guidance for within-group designs among African diasporic communities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(4), 1298–1311. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12742

137.

Wantchekon

K. A.

Umaña-Taylor

A. J.

Sladek

M. R.

McDermott

E. R.

Updegraff

K. A.

(2021). Adolescents' ethnic-racial centrality moderates effect of school-based intervention on ethnic-racial identity exploration. Developmental Psychology, 57(3), 432–442. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001150

138.

Waters

M. C.

(2022). Ethnic and racial identities of second-generation Black immigrants in New York City. In The new immigrants and American schools (pp. 227–252). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315054216-10

139.

White-Johnson

R. L.

(2012). Prosocial involvement among African American young adults: Considering racial discrimination and racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 38(3), 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798411420429

140.

Williams

C. D.

Byrd

C. M.

Quintana

S. M.

Anicama

Kiang

Umaña-Taylor

A. J.

Calzada

E. J.

Gautier

M. C.

Ejesi

Tuitt

N. R.

Martinez-Fuentes

White

Marks

A. K.

Rogers

L. O.

Whitesell

(2020). A lifespan model of ethnic-racial identity. Research in Human Development, 17(2-3), 99–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2020.1831882

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.10 MB

0.18 MB

Black Undergraduate Flourishing: Contributions of Racial Centrality and Religiosity

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material