The purpose of this study was to examine the link between parent-emerging adult relationship quality and emerging adult physical health outcomes. In addition, mediators and moderators of these links were explored. The sample consisted of 869 college students (ages 18–25 years) who completed online anonymous surveys. Results indicated that high levels of parent-emerging adult openness were significantly related to low levels of emerging adult health problems. In addition, parental involvement was negatively and significantly related to emerging adult body mass index and health problems. Mediation analyses conducted through structural equation modeling demonstrated that parent-emerging adult relationship quality was indirectly (but not directly) related to youth health outcomes via emerging adult internalizing symptoms (but not via emotion regulation). Moreover, there was no evidence for significant gender differences, therefore the overall pattern of findings were similar for women and men. Implications for interventions focusing on parent-emerging adult relationships and emotion regulation were discussed.
AdamE. K.QuinnM. E.TavernierR.McQuillanM. T.DahlkeK. A.GilbertK. E. (2017). Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 83(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018
2.
AdamsA. C.SharkinB. (2018). Problems associated with emerging adulthood. In MurrayJ. L.ArnettJ. J. (Eds.), Emerging adulthood and higher education (pp. 89–109). Routledge.
3.
AdkinsS.SherwoodN. E.StoryM.DavisM. (2012). Physical activity among African-American girls: The role of parents and the home environment. Obesity Research, 12 Suppl(S9), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.267
4.
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Externalizing-internalizing. In American Psychological Association.com dictionary. American Psychological Association. https://dictionary.apa.org/externalizing-internalizing
5.
AmesM. E.LeadbeaterB. J. (2018). Depressive symptom trajectories and physical health: Persistence of problems from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 240(1), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.001
6.
AquilinoW. S. (1997). From adolescent to young adult: A prospective study of parent-child relations during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(3), 670–686. https://doi.org/10.2307/353953
7.
ArnettJ. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
8.
ArnettJ. J. (2011). Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process?Oxford University Press.
9.
ArnettJ. J. (2015a). College students as emerging adults: The developmental implications of the college context. Emerging Adulthood, 4(3), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815587422
Bacikova-SleskovaM.BarbierikL.OrosovaO. (2023). Perceived parental control, parent-adolescent relationship and adolescents’ psychological adjustment: Does gender matter. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(5), 1632–1646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02643-8
12.
BaronR. M.KennyD. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
13.
BeckA. T.EpsteinN.BrownG.SteerR. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
14.
BishopD. I.HansenA. M.KeilA. J.PhoenixI. V. (2019). Parental attachment and adjustment to college: The mediating role of avoidant coping. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 180(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2019.1577797
15.
BogelsS. M.HellemansJ.van DeursenS.RomerM.van der MeulenR. (2014). Mindful parenting in mental health care: Effects on parental and child psychopathology, parental stress, parenting, coparenting, and marital functioning. Mindfulness, 5(4), 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0209-7
16.
BoothA.JohnsonD. R.GrangerD. A.CrouterA. C.McHaleS. (2003). Testosterone and child and adolescent adjustment: The moderating role of parent-child relationships. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.85
17.
BorsiniA.HepgulN.MondelliV.ChalderT.ParianteC. M. (2014). Childhood stressors in the development of fatigue syndromes: A review of the past 20 years of research. Psychological Medicine, 44(9), 1809–1823. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002468
Byrd-CravenJ.AuerB. J.GrangerD. A.MasseyA. R. (2012). The father-daughter dance: The relationship between father-daughter relationship quality and daughters’ stress response. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026588
ChanK. M. Y.HongR. Y.OngX. L.CheungH. S. (2023). Emotion dysregulation and symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence: Bidirectional longitudinal associations and the antecedent role of parent–child attachment. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 41(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12445
23.
CheungR. Y. M.LeungM. C.ChanK. K. S.LamC. B. (2019). Effects of mother-offspring and father-offspring dynamics on emerging adults’ adjustment: The mediating role of emotion regulation. PLoS One, 14(2), Article e0212331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212331
24.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (rev. ed.). Erlbaum.
25.
CostiganS. A.BarnettL.PlotnikoffR. C.LubansD. R. (2013). The health indicators associated with screen-based sedentary behavior among adolescent girls: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.018
26.
CoughenourC.GakhM.PharrJ. R.BungumT.JaleneS. (2021). Changes in depression and physical activity among college students on a diverse campus after a COVID-19 stay-at-home order. Journal of Community Health, 46(4), 758–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00918-5
27.
CrissM. M.HoultbergB. J.CuiL.BoslerC. D.MorrisA. S.SilkJ. S. (2016). Direct and indirect links between peer factors and adolescent adjustment difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.002
28.
CrissM. M.LeeT. K.MorrisA.CuiL.BoslerC. D.ShrefflerK. M.SilkJ. S. (2015). Link between monitoring behavior and adolescent adjustment: An analysis of direct and indirect effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 668–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9877-0
29.
CrissM. M.ShawD. S.IngoldsbyE. M. (2003). Mother son positive synchrony in middle childhood: Relation to antisocial behavior. Social Development, 12(3), 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00239
30.
CuiL.CrissM. M.RatliffE.WuZ.HoultbergB. J.SilkJ. S.MorrisA. S. (2020). Longitudinal links between maternal and peer emotion socialization and adolescent girls’ socioemotional adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 595–607. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000861
31.
CuiL.MorrisA. S.CrissM. M.HoultbergB. J.SilkJ. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2014.880018
32.
DingR.WuN.TangS.LiuT.LiW.NiS. (2022). Relations between parental response to children’s negative emotions and suicidal ideation in Chinese adolescents: Internalizing problems, emotion regulation, and perceived relationship quality with parents as mediators. Journal of Affective Disorders, 301(1), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.043
33.
DittmanC. K.SprajcerM.TurleyE. L. (2022). Revisiting gendered parenting of adolescents: Understanding its effects on psychosocial development. Current Psychology, Online ahead of print. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03536-7
34.
EisenbergN.MorrisA. S. (2002). Children’s emotion-related regulation. In KailR. V. (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 30, pp. 189–229). Academic Press.
35.
FaberA.DubeL.KnauperB. (2018). Attachment and eating: A meta-analytic review of the relevance of attachment for unhealthy and healthy eating behaviors in the general population. Appetite, 123(5), 410–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.043
36.
FacioA.ResettS.MicocciF., et al. (2007). Emerging Adulthood in argentina: an age of diversity and possibilities. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00025.x
37.
FelixE.KaniastyK.YouS.CaninoG. (2016). Parent-child relationship quality and gender as moderators of the influence of hurricane exposure on physical health among children and youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv038
38.
FieldT. (1994). The effects of mother’s physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 208–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01286.x
39.
FordC. A.PoolA. C.KahnN. F.JaccardJ.HalpernC. T. (2023). Associations between mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationships and young adult health. Pediatrics, 6(3), Article e233944. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3944
40.
GianarosP. J.WagerT. D. (2015). Brain-body pathways linking psychological stress and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(4), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415581476
41.
Gomez-BayaD.MendozaR.CamachoI.de MatosM. G. (2017). Latent growth curve model of perceived family relationship quality and depressive symptoms during middle adolescence in Spain. Journal of Family Issues, 39(7), 2037–2060. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X17741174
42.
GuarnieriS.SmortiM.TaniF. (2015). Attachment relationships and life satisfaction during emerging adulthood. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 833–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0655-1
43.
HaJ. H.JueJ. (2018). The mediating effect of emotion inhibition and emotion regulation between adolescents’ perceived parental psychological control and depression. Sage Open, 8(3), Article 215824401879368. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018793680
44.
HainesJ.Rifas-ShimanS. L.HortonN. J.KleinmanK.BauerK. W.DavisonK. K.WaltonK.AustinS. B.FieldA. E.GillmanM. W. (2016). Family functioning and quality of parent-adolescent relationship: Cross-sectional associations with adolescent weight-related behaviors and weight status. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(68), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0393-7
45.
HairE. C.Anderson MooreK.HadleyA. M.KayeK.DayR. D.OrthnerD. K. (2009). Parent marital quality and the parent-adolescent relationship: Effects on adolescent and young adult health outcomes. Marriage & Family Review, 45(2–3), 218–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920902733567
46.
HarrisonP. A.NarayanG. (2003). Differences in behavior, psychological factors, and environmental factors associated with participation in school sports and other activities in adolescence. Journal of School Health, 73(3), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03585.x
47.
HaysR. D.SherbourneC. D.MazelR. M. (1995). User’s manual for the medical outcomes study (MOS) Core measures of health-related quality of life. RAND.
48.
HerdT.King-CasasB.Kim-SpoonJ. (2020). Developmental changes in emotion regulation during adolescence: Associations with socioeconomic risk and family emotional context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(7), 1545–1557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01193-2
49.
HoweD. (2011). Attachment across the lifecourse: A brief introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.
50.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
JamnikM. R.DiLallaL. F. (2019). Health outcomes associated with internalizing problems in early childhood and adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(60), 60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00060
53.
KelsayK.LeungD. Y. M.MrazekD. A.KlinnertM. D. (2013). Prospectively assessed early life experiences in relation to cortisol reactivity in adolescents at risk for asthma. Developmental Psychobiology, 55(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21006
KielE. J.HummelA. C.LuebbeA. M. (2015). Cortisol secretion and change in sleep problems in early childhood: Moderation by maternal overcontrol. Biological Psychology, 107(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.001
56.
KimH. S.ParkJ.ParkK. Y.LeeM. N.HamO. K. (2016). Parent involvement intervention in developing weight management skills for both parents and overweight/obese children. Asian Nursing Research, 10(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2015.07.006
57.
KliewerW.CunninghamJ. N.DiehlR.ParrishK. A.WalkerJ. M.AtiyehC.NeaceB.DuncanL.TaylorK.MejiaR. (2004). Violence exposure and adjustment in inner-city youth: Child and caregiver emotion regulation skill, caregiver-child relationship quality, and neighborhood cohesion as protective factor. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_5
58.
KlineR. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
59.
KlineR. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
60.
KushlevK.HeintzelmanS. J.LutesL. D.WirtzD.KanippayoorJ. M.LeitnerD.DienerE. (2020). Does happiness improve health? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Science, 31(7), 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620919673
61.
LeeC. Y. S.DikB. J. (2016). Associations among stress, gender, sources of social support, and health in emerging adults. Stress and Health, 33(4), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2722
62.
LeeH.HenryK. L.BullerD. B.PagotoS.BakerK.WalkoszB.HillhouseJ.BertelettiJ.BibeauJ. (2021). Mutual influences of mother’s and daughter’s mental health on the closeness of their relationship: An actor–partner interdependence model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(3), 676–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01906-6
63.
LekanderM.ElofssonS.NeveI.HanssonL.UndenA. (2004). Self-rated health is related to levels of circulating cytokines. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(4), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000130491.95823.94
64.
LewczukK.KobylinskaD.MarchlewskaM.KrysztofiakM.GlicaA.MoiseevaV. (2021). Adult attachment and health symptoms: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1720–1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0097-z
65.
LimS.YouS.HaD. (2015). Parental emotional support and adolescent happiness: Mediating roles of self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Applied Research Quality Life, 10(4), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9344-0
66.
LindellA. K.KillorenS. E.Campione-BarrN. (2021). Parent-child relationship quality and emotional adjustment among college students: The role of parental financial support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(2), 459–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520964870
LowR. S. T.OverallN. C.ChangV. T.HendersonA. M. E.SibleyC. G. (2021). Emotion regulation and psychological and physical health during a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown. Emotion, 21(8), 1671–1690. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001046
ManczakE. M.LeighA. K. K.ChinC.ChenE. (2018). Consistency matters: Consistency in the timing and quality of daily interactions between parents and adolescents predicts production of proinflammatory cytokines in youths. Development and Psychopathology, 30(2), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000918
71.
MarceauK.DornL. D.SusmanE. J. (2012). Stress and puberty-related hormone reactivity, negative emotionality, and parent–adolescent relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(8), 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.001
72.
Martin-BiggersJ.QuickV.ZhangM.JinY.Byrd-BredbennerC. (2017). Relationships of family conflict, cohesion, and chaos in the home environment on maternal and child food-related behaviours. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 14(2), Article e12540. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12540
73.
MarvinR. S.BritnerP. A.RussellB. S. (2016). Normative development: The ontogeny of attachment in childhood. In CassidyJ.ShaverP. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 273–290). Guilford Press.
74.
McClellandG. H.JuddC. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114(2), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376
75.
MikulincerM.ShaverP. R. (2016). Adult attachment and emotion regulation. In CassidyJ.ShaverP. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 507–533). Guilford Press.
76.
MitchellJ. M.AbrahamK. M. (2018). Parental mental illness and the transition to college: Coping, psychological adjustment, and parent-child relationships. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(9), 2966–2977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1133-1
77.
MorrisA. S.SilkJ. S.SteinbergL.MyersS. S.RobinsonL. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
78.
MullendoreR.DanielC.ToneyM. (2018). The role of parents in emerging adulthood. In MurrayJ. L.ArnettJ. J. (Eds.), Emerging adulthood and higher education (pp. 110–126). Routledge.
NelsonM. C.StoryM.LarsonN. I.Neumark-SztainerD.LytleL. A. (2008). Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity, 16(10), 2205–2211. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.365
81.
NiuX.TaylorM. M.WicksJ. J.Fassett-CarmanA. N.MoserA. D.NeilsonC.PetersonE. C.KaiserR. H.SnyderH. R. (2023). Longitudinal relations between emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in emerging adults during the covid-19 pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 47(3), 350–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10366-9
PeughJ.FeldonD. F. (2020). How well does your structural equation model fit your data: Is Marcoulides and Yuan’s equivalence test the answer. Life Sciences Education, 19(3), es5. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-01-0016
85.
PiantaR. C. (2001). Student-teacher relationship scale: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
86.
PopaA. R.VesaC. M.UivarosanD.JurcaC. M.IsvoranuG.SoceaB.StanescuA. M. A.IancuM. A.ScarneciuI.ZahaD. C. (2019). Cross sectional study regarding the association between sweetened beverages intake, fast-food products, body mass index, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure in the young adults from north-western Romania. Revista De Chimie, 70(1), 156–160. https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6872
PriestJ. B.RobersonP. N. E.WoodsS. B. (2018). In our lives and under our skin: An investigation of specific psychobiological mediators linking family relationships and health using the biobehavioral family model. Family Process, 58(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12357
89.
RadloffL. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurements, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
90.
RahmanA.FuldaK. G.FranksS. F.FernandoS. I.HabibaN.MuzaffarO. (2018). How often parents make decisions with their children is associated with obesity. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1283-8
91.
RoseA. J.SmithR. L.GlickG. C.Schwartz-MetteR. A. (2012). The role of gender in transformations in adolescent relationships. In LaursenB.CollinsW. A. (Eds.), Relationship pathways: From adolescence to young adulthood (pp. 277–298). Sage Publications.
92.
SabbahH. A.VereeckenC. A.ElgarF. J.NanselT.AasveeK.AbdeenZ.OjalaK.AhluwaliaN.MaesL. (2009). Body weight dissatisfaction and communication with parents among adolescents in 24 countries: International cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-52
93.
SantoroA. F.SuchdayS.RobbinsR. N.BenkhoukhaA.ZemonV. (2021). Childhood adversity and physical health among Asian Indian emerging adults in the United States: Exploring disease-specific vulnerabilities and the role of anger. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000942
94.
SongY.LuH.HuS.XuM.LiX.LiuJ. (2015). Regulating emotion to improve physical health through the amygdala. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu083
95.
SpeirsK. E.HayesJ. T.MusaadS.VanBrackleA.Sigman-GrantM.All 4 Kids Obesity Resiliency Research Team. (2016). Is family sense of coherence a protective factor against obesogenic environment. Appetite, 99(1), 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.025
96.
SteeleE.McKinneyC. (2020). Relationships among emerging adult psychological problems, maltreatment, and parental psychopathology: Moderation by parent-child relationship quality. Family Process, 59(1), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12407
SuhG. W.FabriciusW. V. (2019). Reciprocal relations between emerging adults’ representations of relationships with mothers, fathers, and romantic partners. Family Process, 59(2), 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12458
99.
SzkodyE.McKinneyC. (2021). Family communication patterns and relationship quality between emerging adults and their parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(11), 3177–3197. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211027217
100.
UtterJ.ScraggR.SchaafD.MhurchuC. N. (2008). Relationships between frequency of family meals, BMI and nutritional aspects of the home food environment among New Zealand adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-50
101.
VanKimN. A.LaskaM. N. (2012). Socioeconomic disparities in emerging adult weight and weight behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior, 36(4), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.36.4.1
102.
Van RyzinM. J.NowickaP. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of a family-based intervention in early adolescence on parent−youth relationship quality, late adolescent health, and early adult obesity. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(1), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031428
103.
VideonT. M. (2005). Parent-child relations and children’s psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 26(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X04270262
104.
WaltersK.ChardC.AndersonD. (2020). A qualitative approach to understanding the relationship between mothers’ and daughters’ body image and physical activity levels. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(5), 665–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558420920550
105.
WangS. B.HaynosA. F.WallM. M.ChenC.EisenbergM. E.Neumark-SztainerD. (2019). Fifteen-year prevalence, trajectories, and predictors of body dissatisfaction from adolescence to middle adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1403–1415. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859331
106.
WestM.RoseM. S.VerhoefM. J.SprengS.BobeyM. (1998). Anxious attachment and self-reported depressive symptomatology in women. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(3), 294–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300309
107.
White-GosselinC. E.PoulinF. (2022). Associations between young adults’ social media addiction, relationship quality with parents, and internalizing problems: A path analysis model. Canadian Journal of Science, 56(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000326
WoodB. L.LimJ.MillerB. D.CheahP.ZwetschT.RameshS.SimmensS. (2008). Testing the biobehavioral family model in pediatric asthma: Pathways of effect. Family Process, 47(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2008.00237.x
112.
WoodD.CrapnellT.LauL.BennettA.LotsteinD.FerrisM.KuoA. (2018). Emerging adulthood as a critical stage in the life course. In HalfonN.ForrestC. B.LernerR. M.FaustmanE. M. (Eds.), Handbook of life course health development (pp. 123–143). Springer.
113.
WoodB. L.WoodsS. B.SenguptaS.NairT. (2021). The biobehavioral family model: An evidence-based approach to biopsychosocial research, residency training, and patient care. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725045
114.
ZahniserE.ConleyC. S. (2018). Interactions of emotion regulation and perceived stress in predicting emerging adults’ subsequent internalizing symptoms. Motivation and Emotion, 42(5), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9696-0
115.
ZemanJ.ShipmanK.Penza-ClyveS. (2001). Development and initial validation of the children’s sadness management scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25(3), 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010623226626
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
