There is an ongoing debate about the importance of university attendance, age, life transitions and other demographic factors on experiencing the emerging adulthood. The present study aims to explore the effect of demographics (age, college attendance, subjective economic status, financial independence, living conditions, relationship status or having a child) on the emerging adulthood. Slovak adults (N = 800), between 18 to 29 years old, reported their demographics and completed the Inventory of dimensions of emerging adulthood. The results showed slight differences between those who attended university and those who did not - mainly in experimentation, however, both groups experienced the features of emerging adulthood. Age makes a greater difference, which might be connected to parenthood, relationship status and living conditions.
ArnettJ. J. (2016). Does emerging adulthood theory apply across social classes? National data on a persistent question. Emerging Adulthood, 4(4), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815613000
4.
ArnettJ. J.TannerJ. L. (2011). Themes and variations in emerging adulthood across social classes. In ArnettJ. J.KloepM.HendryL. B.TannerJ. L. (Eds.), Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process?Oxford University Press.
5.
AtakH.ÇokF. (2008). The Turkish version of inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood(the IDEA). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Open Science Index 16, International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 2(4), 392–396. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1082183
6.
BaggioS.StuderJ.IglesiasK.DaeppenJ. B.GmelG. (2017). Emerging adulthood: A time of changes in psychosocial well-being. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 40(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278716663602
7.
CôtéJ. E. (2014). The dangerous myth of emerging adulthood: An evidence-based critique of a flawed developmental theory. Applied Developmental Science, 18(4), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2014.954451
8.
CrocettiE.TagliabueS.SugimuraK.NelsonL. J.TakahashiA.NiwaT.SugiuraY.JinnoM. (2015). Perceptions of emerging adulthood: A study with Italian and Japanese university students and young workers. Emerging Adulthood, 3(4), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815569848
9.
Dutra-ThoméL.KollerS. H. (2017). Brazilian version of the inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood: Investigating the current transition to adulthood. Trends in Psychology, 25(3), 901–912. https://doi.org/10.9788/tp2017.3-01
10.
FeeneyB. C.CollinsN. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314544222
11.
HillJ. M.LaljiM.van RossumG.van der GeestV. R.BloklandA. A. J. (2015). Experiencing emerging adulthood in The Netherlands. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(8), 1035–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1020934
12.
LandbergM.LeeB.NoackP. (2019). What alters the experience of emerging adulthood? How the experience of emerging adulthood differs according to socioeconomic status and critical life events. Emerging Adulthood, 7(3), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819831793
13.
LeontopoulouS.MavridisD.GiotsaA. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Greek inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood (IDEA): University student perceptions of developmental features. Journal of Adult Development, 23(4), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-016-9239-4
14.
MacekP.BejčekJ.VaníčkováJ. (2007). Contemporary Czech emerging adults: Generation growing up in the period of social changes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(5), 444–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407305417
15.
MacekP.JežekS.LacinováL.BoušaO.KvitkovičováL.MichalčákováR. N.ŠirůčekJ. (2016). Emerging adults in the Czech Republic: Views into and across different domains of life. In ŽukauskienėR. (Ed.), Emerging adulthood in a European context (pp. 175–201). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
16.
MillováK. (2023). Timing of transitions, their patterns, and antecedents from emerging to established adulthood in the context of a changing society. Horizons of Psychology, 32, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.20419/2023.32.576
17.
MitchellL. L.SyedM. (2015). Does college matter for emerging adulthood? Comparing developmental trajectories of educational groups. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(11), 2012–2027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0330-0
18.
NiceM. L.JosephM. (2023). The features of emerging adulthood and individuation: Relations and differences by college-going status, age, and living situation. Emerging Adulthood, 11(2), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968221116545
19.
PiotrowskiK.BrzezińskaA. I.LuyckxK. (2020). Adult roles as predictors of adult identity and identity commitment in Polish emerging adults: Psychosocial maturity as an intervening variable. Current Psychology, 39(6), 2149–2158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9903-x
20.
PustulkaP. (2023). ‘Since having a child, I finally feel like an adult’: Exploring intersections of contemporary transitions-to-motherhood and transitions-to-adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 11(3), 581–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968221143814
21.
RavertR. D. (2009). “You’re only young once”: Things college students report doing now before it is too late. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 376–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409334254
22.
ReifmanA.ArnettJ. J.ColwellM. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: Theory, assessment and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37–48.
23.
Sánchez-QueijaI.ParraÁ.CamachoC.ArnettJ. (2020). Spanish version of the inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood (IDEA-S). Emerging Adulthood, 8(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818804938
24.
ŠprochaB. (2018). Prechody do dospelosti na Slovensku v priestorovej perspektíve podľa sčítania obyvateľov 1991 a 2011. Geographical Journal, 70(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.31577/geogrcas.2018.70.2.07
25.
ŠprochaB. (2021). Aká je skutočná intenzita plodnosti na Slovensku?Slovak statistics and demography, 31(3), 19–34.
26.
Statistical Office of Slovak Republik. (2023). Pohyb obyvateľstva v Slovenskej republike v roku 2021 – pramenné dielo. Statistical Office of Slovak Republik.
27.
VosylisR. (2021). Linking holistic pathways to adult roles with resolution of tasks and features of emerging adulthood: A person-oriented approach. Emerging Adulthood, 9(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818808149
28.
VosylisR.KlimstraT. (2022). How does financial life shape emerging adulthood? Short-term longitudinal associations between perceived features of emerging adulthood, financial behaviors, and financial well-being. Emerging Adulthood, 10(1), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820908970
29.
ZagórskaW.SkoczeńI.LipskaA.ArnettJ. J. (2023). Polish adaptation of the inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood (IDEA-PL). Current Issues in Personality Psychology. (Online first).https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp/159277
30.
ZorotovichJ.JohnsonE. I. (2019). Five dimensions of emerging adulthood: A comparison between college students, nonstudents, and graduates. College Student Journal, 53(3), 376.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
