Individuation Test for Emerging Adults–Short (ITEA-S) is a self-report instrument for measuring five aspects of individuation in emerging adulthood. The test consists of two equivalent forms for assessing individuation in relation to mother and father separately. In this study, we adapted the ITEA-S for use in Austrian and German emerging adult populations. In both samples, the two ITEA-S forms demonstrated satisfactory factorial validity and internal consistency. The scores on the five scales were meaningfully related to the Emotional, Functional, and Conflictual Dependence Scales of the Psychological Separation Inventory and also to life satisfaction as measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale. The results of the multiple-group factor analyses supported the hypotheses of full metric and scalar invariance for both ITEA-S forms across the Austrian and German samples of emerging adults.
ArnettJ. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469.
2.
BentlerP. M. (2005). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
3.
CohenJ. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
4.
DeciE. L.RyanR. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
5.
DienerE. D.EmmonsR. A.LarsenR. J.GriffinS. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
6.
DreherE.DreherM. (2002). Familientabus und ablösung. In RollettB.WerneckH. (Eds.), (Hrsg.), Klinische entwicklungspsychologie der familie [Clinical developmental psychology of the family] (pp. 185–205). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
7.
GlaesmerH.GrandeG.BraehlerE.RothM. (2011). The German version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 127–132.
8.
GrotevantH. D.CooperC. R. (1986). Individuation in family relationships: A perspective on individual differences in development of identity and role-taking skills in adolescence. Human Development, 29, 82–100.
9.
HoffmanJ. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 170–178.
10.
KarataşS.LevpuščekM. P.KomidarL. (2017). Demographic factors and individuation in relation to parents predicting attachment avoidance and anxiety in Turkish emerging adults. Current Psychology, 1–13. doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9691-8
11.
KinsE.BeyersW. (2010). Failure to launch, failure to achieve criteria for adulthood?Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 743–777.
12.
KinsE.BeyersW.SoenensB. (2012). When the separation-individuation process goes awry: Distinguishing between dysfunctional dependence and dysfunctional independence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37, 1–12.
13.
KomidarL.ZupančičM.Puklek LevpuščekM.BjornsenC. A. (2016). Development of the short version of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA–S) and its measurement invariance across Slovene and U.S. emerging adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 626–639.
14.
KomidarL.ZupančičM.SočanG.Puklek LevpuščekM. (2014). Development and construct validation of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA). Journal of Personality Assessment, 96, 503–514.
15.
LambornS. D.GrohK. (2009). A four-part model of autonomy during emerging adulthood: Associations with adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 395–401.
16.
MarshH. W.HauK.WenZ. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341.
17.
MeadeA. W.BauerD. J. (2007). Power and prediction in confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 611–635.
18.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
19.
PavotW.DienerE. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164–172.
20.
PavotW.DienerE. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137–152.
21.
PodsakoffP. M.MacKenzieS. B.LeeJ. Y.PodsakoffN. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.
22.
ReitzleM. (2006). The connections between adulthood transitions and the self-perception of being adult in the changing contexts of East and West Germany. European Psychologist, 11, 25–38.
23.
RyffC. D.SingerB. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39.
24.
Seiffge-KrenkeI. (2016). Experiencing the transition to adulthood in Germany: Including emerging adults of the “forgotten half.” In ŽukauskieneR. (Ed.), Emerging adulthood in a European context (pp. 79–93). New York, NY: Routledge.
25.
SeligJ. P.CardN. A.LittleT. D. (2008). Latent variable structural equation modelling in cross-cultural research: Multigroup and multilevel approaches. In van de VijverF. J. R.van HemertD. A.PoortingaY. H. (Eds.), Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures (pp. 93–119). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
26.
SmollarJ.YounissJ. (1989). Transformations in adolescents’ perceptions of parents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 71–84.
27.
TannerJ. L. (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. In ArnettJ. J.TannerJ. L. (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 21–55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
28.
YounissJ.SmollarJ. (1985). Adolescents’ relations with their mothers, fathers and peers. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
29.
ZupančičM.FriedlmeierW.Puklek LevpuščekM.SirschU.Bruckner-FeldJ.HorvatM. (2014). Perceptions of achieved criteria for adulthood among Austrian, Slovene, and U.S. students. Sage Open, 1–12. doi:10.1177/2158244014556997
30.
ZupančičM.KavčičT. (2016, September). Individuation in relation to parents: Its contribution to emerging adults’ happiness. Paper presented at the EARA Conference, LaBarrosa, Spain.
31.
ZupančičM.KomidarL.Puklek LevpuščekM. (2014). Individuation in Slovene emerging adults: Its associations with demographics, transitional markers, achieved criteria for adulthood, and life satisfaction. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1421–1433.
32.
ZupančičM.SirschU. (2013). Representation of adulthood and individuation of emerging adults in Austria and Slovenia. Final report. Scientific & Technological Cooperation (S&T Cooperation) between Austria—Slovenia (Project SI 21/2011).
33.
ZupančičM.SirschU. (2018). Različni vidiki prehoda v odraslost [Different perspectives of becoming an adult]. In ZupančičM.Puklek LevpuščekM. (Eds.), Prehod v odraslost: Sodobni trendi in raziskave[Emerging adulthood: Current trends and research] (pp. 11–50). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete.
