Veterans, as a cultural group, present unique challenges to health care providers. Veteran culture includes health inequalities and health disparities related to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance abuse that must be understood in context to provide the best care possible to this population. Veterans are not, however, frequently viewed in terms of culturally competent nursing care. Changes in the approach to this population are necessary to provide effective, comprehensive, and compassionate care.
References
1.
AshtonC. M.SoucheckJ.PetersonN. J.MenkeT. J.CollinsT. C.KizerK. W. (2003). Hospital use and survival among veterans affairs beneficiaries. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(17), 1637–1646.
2.
BenotschE. G.BraileyK.VasterlingJ. J.UddoM.ConstansJ. I.SutkerP. B. (2000). War zone stress, personal and environmental resources, and PTSD symptoms in Gulf war veterans: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), 205–213.
3.
BremnerJ. D.SouthwickS. M.DarnellA.CharneyD. S. (1996). Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: Course of illness and substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 369–375.
4.
CarsonM. A.PaulusL. A.WolfeJ.LaskoN. B.MetzgerL. J.OrrS. P. (2000). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam nurse veterans who witnessed injury or death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 890–897.
5.
Carter-PokrasO.BaquetC. (2002). What is a “health disparity”?Public Health Reports, 117(5), 426–434.
6.
Department of Defense. (2007). Women and deployment. Washington, DC: Defense Manpower Data Center.
DeykinE. Y.KeaneT. M.KaloupekD.FinkeG.RothendlerJ.SiegfriedM. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the use of health services. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(5), 835–841.
9.
EliotT. S. (1948). Notes toward definition of culture. New York: Harcourt.
10.
EriksonD. J.WolfeJ.FingD. W.KingL. A.SharkanskyE. J. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf war veterans: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 41–49.
11.
HogeC. W.AuchterlonieJ. L.MillikenC. S. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(9), 1032.
12.
Institute of Medicine. (1999). Gulf war veterans: Measuring health. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
13.
LaslofJ. C.KnoxM.BaldeschwielerJ. D. (1997). Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses: Final report. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing Company.
14.
LiftonR. J. (1972). Testimony before Subcommittee on Veterans Affairs, U.S. Senate, January 27, 1970. In The Vietnam veteran in contemporary society: Collected materials pertaining to young veterans. Washington, DC: Veterans Administration.
15.
LipsonJ. G.DibbleS. L.MinarikP. A. (1996). Culture and nursing care: A pocket guide. San Francisco: UCSF Nursing Press.
NicosiaG. (2001). Home to war: A history of the Vietnam veterans' movement. New York: Crown Publishers.
18.
OuimetteP.MoosR. H.FinneyJ. W. (2003). PTSD treatment and 5-year remission among patients with substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 410–414.
19.
OuimetteP.WolfJ.DaleyJ.GimaK. (2003). Use of VA health care services by women veterans: Findings from a national sample. Women and Health, 38(2), 77–91.
20.
President's Commission on Care for America's Returning Wounded Warriors. (2007, July). Serve, support, simplify: Report of the President's Commission on Care for America's Returning Wounded Warriors. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from www.pccww.gov/docs/Kit/Main_Book_CC%5BJULY26%5D.pdf.
21.
SchnurrP. P.SpiroA.IIIParisA. H. (2000). Physician-diagnosed medical disorders in relation to PTSD symptoms in older male military veterans. Health Psychology, 19(1), 91–97.
22.
ShenY.HendricksA.ZhangS.KazisL. E. (2003). VHA enrollees' health care coverage and use of care. Medical Research and Review, 60(2), 253–267.
23.
Veterans Administration. (2002). U.S. veteran population 2002. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from www.va.gov/vetdata.