Adverse Effects of Exposure to Phthalates-Communicating Risks to Workers

Auger J. , Kunstmann J.M. , Czyglik F. , & Jouannet P. (1995). Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 281–285.

Blount B.C. , Silva M.J. , Caudill S.P. , Needham L.L. , Pirkle J.L. , Sampson F.J. , Lucier G.W. , Jackson R.J. , & Brock J.W. (2000). Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 979–982.

Carlsen E. , Giwercman A. , Keiding N. , & Skakkebaek N.E. (1992). Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during the past 50 years. British Medical Journal, 305, 609–613.

CECOS, Auger J. , & Jouannet P. (1997). Evidence for regional differences of semen quality among fertile French men. Human Reproduction, 12, 740–745.

Duty S.M. , Silva M.J. , Barr B. , Brock J.W. , Ryan L. , Chen Z. , Herrick R.F. , Christiani D.C. , & Hauser R. (2003a). Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology, 14, 269–277.

Duty S.M. , Singh N.P. , Silva M. , Barr D.B. , Brock J.W. , Ryan L. , Herrick R.F. , Christiani D.C. , & Hauser R. (2003b). The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 1164–1169.

Duly S.M. , Calafat A.M. , Silva M.J. , Brock J.W. , Ryan L. , Chen Z. , Overstreet J. , & Hauser R. (2004). The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters. Journal of Andrology, 25, 293–302.

Giwercman A. , Carlsen E. , Keiding N. , & Skakkebaek N.E. (1993). Evidence for increasing incidence of abnormalities of the human testis: A review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Suppl. 2), 65–71.

Jorgensen N. , Andersen A.-G. , Eustaehe F. , Irvine D.S. , Suominen J. , Petersen J.I.I. , Andersen A.N. , Auger J. , Cawood E.H.H. , Horte A. , Jensen T.K. , Jouannet P. , Keiding N. , Vierula M. , Toppari J. , & Skakkebaek N.E. (2001). Regional differences in semen quality in Europe. Human Reproduction, 16, 1012–1019.

Kroger T.F. , & Coelzee K. (1999). To role of sperm morphology in assisted reproduction. Human Reproduction Update, 5(2), 172–178.

Leke R.J. , Oduma J.A. , Bassol-Mayagoitia S. , Bacha A.M. , & Grigor K.M. (1993). Regional and geographical variations in infertility: Effects of environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Suppl. 2), 73–80.

McKclvey-Martin V.J. , Green M.H.L. , Schmezer P. , Pool-Zobel B.L. , De Meo M.P. , & Collins A. (1993). The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay): A European review. Mutation Research, 28, 47–63.

National Toxicology Program, Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. (2003). Monographs on phthalates (NIH Publications No. 03-4484-4489). Retrieved December 23, 2004, from http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov

Shelby M.D. (2002). NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction phthalates expert panel reports. Reproductive Toxicology, 16, 451.

Swan S.H. , Elkin E.P. , & Fenster L. (2000). The question of declining sperm density revisited: An analysis of 101 studies published 1934-1996. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 961–966.

Thompson S.T. (1994). Prevention of male infertility: An update. Urologic Clinics of North America, 21, 365–376.

Toppari J. , Larsen J.C. , Christiansen P. , Giwercman A. , Grandjean P. , Guillete L.F. , Jegou B. , Jensen T.K. , Jouannet P. , Keiding N. , Leffers H. , McLachlan J.A. , Meyer O. , Muller J. , Rajpert-De Meyts E. , Scheike T. , Sharpe R. , Sumpter J. , & Skakkebaek N.E. (1996). Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(Suppl. 4), 741–803.

Trisini A.T. , Singh N.P. , Duty S.M. , & Hauser R. (2004). Relationship between human semen parameters and deoxyribonucleic acid damage assessed by the neutral comet assay. Fertility and Sterility, 82, 1623–1632.

World Health Organization (WHO). (1999). Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction (4th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.