The authors used a single-case design to examine the effectiveness of child-centered play therapy (CCPT) and person-centered teacher consultation (PCTC) for four elementary students identified with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Two students participated in CCPT and their teachers participated in PCTC. Two students participated in reading mentoring and CCPT. Behavioral observations of all students occurred three times per week. Results indicated that two students demonstrated a substantial reduction and two students demonstrated questionable reduction in ADHD symptoms due to participation in CCPT. Implications for elementary school counselors are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AchenbachT.M.& RescorlaL. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles.Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
American School Counselor Association. (2005). The ASCA national model: A framework for school counseling programs (2nd ed.).Alexandria, VA: Author.
4.
AngelloL. M., VolpeR. J., DiPernaJ. C., Gureasko-MooreD. P., NebrigM.R., & OtaK. (2003). Assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:An evaluation of six published rating scales.School Psychology Review, 32, 241–262.
5.
AxlineV.M.(1947). Play therapy.New York: Ballantine Books.
6.
BarkleyR. A., FischerM., SmallishL., & FletcherK. (2002).The persistence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 279–289.
7.
BlinnE.L.(1999). Efficacy of play therapy on problem behaviors of a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno.
8.
BrattonS. C., RayD., RhineT., & JonesL. (2005).The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 376–390.
9.
BusseR.T., KratochwillT. R., & ElliottS. N.(1999). Influences of verbal interactions during behavioral consultations on treatment outcomes.Journal of School Psychology, 3, 117–143.
10.
CarrollA., HoughtonS., TaylorM., HemingwayF., List-KerzM.,CordinR., et al. (2006). Responding to interpersonal and physically provoking situations in classrooms: Emotional intensity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 53, 209–227.
11.
ClemensE. (2007). Developmental counseling and therapy as a model for school counselor consultation with teachers.Professional School Counseling, 10, 352–359.
DuPaulG.J.,& StonerG.(2003). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
14.
FallM., BalvanzJ., JohnsonL., & NelsonL. (1999). A play therapy intervention and its relationship to self-efficacy and learning behaviors.Professional School Counseling, 2, 194–204.
15.
FurmanL. (2005).What is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?Journal of Child Neurology, 20, 994–1002.
16.
GarzaY.,& BrattonS. (2005). School-based child-centered play therapy with Hispanic children: Outcomes and cultural considerations.International Journal of Play Therapy, 14, 51–79.
17.
GysbersN.C., & HendersonP. (Eds.). (2006). Developing and managing your school guidance program (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
18.
HannahG.L. (1986). An investigation of play therapy: Process and outcome using interrupted time-series analysis.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.
19.
KahnB. B. (2000). A model of solution-focused consultation for school counselors.Professional School Counseling, 3, 248–254.
20.
KampwirthT. J. (1987). Consultation: Strategy for dealing with children's behavior problems.Techniques: A Journal for Remedial Education and Counseling, 3, 117–120.
21.
KennedyC. H. (2005). Single-case designs for educational research.Boston: Pearson Education.
22.
KronenbergerW.G.,& MeyerR.G. (2001). The child clinician's handbook (2nd ed.).Needham Heights, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
23.
LaBauveB.J., WattsR. E., & KottmanT. (2001). Approaches to play therapy: A tabular overview.Texas Counseling Association Journal, 29, 104–113.
24.
LandrethG. L. (2002). Play therapy.The art of the relationship(2nd ed.). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
25.
LoughranS. B. (2003). Agreement and stability of teacher rating scales for assessing ADHD in preschoolers.Early Childhood Education Journal, 30, 247–253.
26.
MarchantW. C. (1972). Counseling and/or consultation: A test of the education model in the elementary school.Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 7(1), 4–8.
27.
McConaughyS. H., KayP. J., & FitzgeraldM. (1998). Preventing SED through parent-teacher action research and social skills instruction: First-year outcomes.Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 6, 81–93.
28.
MorganD. L., & MorganR. K. (2003). Single-participant research design: Bringing science to managed care. In KazdinA. E. (Ed.), Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (3rd ed., pp.635–654).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
29.
MorganD. L., & MorganR. K. (2009). Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health sciences.Los Angeles: Sage.
30.
MulrineC. F., PraterM. A., & JenkinsA. (2008).The active classroom: Supporting students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder through exercise.Teaching Exceptional Children,40(5), 16–22.
31.
PackmanJ., & BrattonS. (2003). A school-based group play/activity therapy intervention with learning-disabled preadolescents exhibiting behavioral problems.International Journal of Play Therapy, 12, 7–29.
32.
Perera-DiltzD. M., & MasonK. L. (2008). Ideal to real: Duties performed by school counselors.Journal of School Counseling, 6(26). Retrieved May 1,2009, from http://www.jsc.montana.edu/articles/v6n26.pdf
33.
PetersonJ. S. (2007). Consultation related to giftedness:A school counseling perspective.Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 17, 273–296.
34.
PfiffnerL. J.,& McBurnettK. (2006). Family correlates of comorbid anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 725–735.
35.
PostP. (1999). Impact of child-centered play therapy on the self-esteem, locus of control, and anxiety of at-risk 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students.International Journal of Play Therapy, 8, 1–18.
36.
RayD. (2004). Supervision of basic and advanced skills in play therapy.Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory, and Research, 32, 28–41.
37.
RayD.C. (2007).Two counseling interventions to reduce teacher-child relationship stress.Professional School Counseling, 10, 428–440.
38.
RayD. (2008). Impact of play therapy on parent-child relationship stress at a mental health training setting.British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 36, 165–187.
39.
RayD., SchottelkorbA., & TsaiM. (2007). Play therapy with children exhibiting symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.International Journal of Play Therapy, 16, 95–111.
40.
ScruggsT. E., & MastropieriM. A. (1998). Synthesizing single-subject research: Issues and applications.Behavior Modification, 22, 221–242.
41.
SharpleyC. F. (2007). So why aren't counselors reporting n = 1 research designs?Journal of Counseling and Development, 85, 349–356.
42.
WoodardR. (2006).The diagnosis and medical treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents in primary care: A practical guide.Pediatric Nursing, 32, 363–370.
