Previous research has indicated that the backgrounds in picture books have a higher impact on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than on children with typical development (TD). Based on prior research, this study investigates the effect of picture book presentation order on the fixation outcomes of ASD. The experiment included 59 children with ASD and 59 children with TD. The original picture book was modified to investigate the forward and reverse-order demonstration influences on gaze results in children with autism spectrum disorder. The findings revealed that children with TD had better fixation outcomes than children with ASD in both forward and reverse presentations. Children with ASD, on the other hand, exhibited better fixation scores in a forward presentation order than in a reverse one. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the forward presentation order of the picture book is more suitable for improving the fixation outcomes of children with ASD.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AgiusM. M.VanceM.A comparison of PECS and iPad to teach requesting to pre-schoolers with autistic spectrum disorders 10.3109/07434618.2015.1108363 Augmentative and Alternative Communication32158–682015
2.
AllenM. L.HartleyC.CainK.iPads and the use of “apps” by children with autism spectrum disorder: Do they promote learning? 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01305 Frontiers in Psychology https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01305 7–13052016
3.
AzanoA. P.TackettM.SigmonM.Understanding the puzzle behind the pictures: A content analysis of children's picture books about autism 10.1177/2332858417701682 AERA Open https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858417701682 322017
4.
BattleD. E.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) 10.1590/s2317-17822013000200017 CoDAS https://doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000200017 252191–1922013& American Psychiatric Association
5.
BondyA.FrostL.The Picture Exchange Communication System 10.1177/108835769400900301 Focus on Autistic Behavior https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-14930-001https://doi.org/10.1177/108835769400900301 931–191994
6.
BryanL. C.GastD. L. 10.1023/a:1005687310346 Teaching on-task and on-schedule behaviors to high-functioning children with autism via picture activity schedules https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005687310346 30553–5672000Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
7.
ChenH.YangT.ChenJ.ChenL.DaiY.ZhangJ.LiL.JiaF.WuL.HaoY.KeX.YiM.HongQ.ChenJ.FangS.WangY.WangQ.JinC.LiT.Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: A multi-center survey 10.1186/s12888-021-03405-w BMC Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03405-w 2111–132021
8.
CohenD. J.VolkmarF. R.Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disordersJohn Wiley & Sons1997nd ed.
9.
CrozierS.TincaniM.Effects of social stories on prosocial behavior of preschool children with autism spectrum disorders 10.1007/s10803-006-0315-7 Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0315-7 3791803–18142006
10.
DicksonM. J.VargoK. K.Training kindergarten students lockdown drill procedures using behavioral skills training 10.1002/jaba.369 Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.369 502407–4122017
11.
DiehlJ. J.BennettoL.YoungE. C.Story recall and narrative coherence of high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders 10.1007/s10802-005-9003-x Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-9003-x 34183–982006
12.
DowrickP. W.MclayL. K.FranceK. G.BlampiedN. M.Self-modeling: Falling asleep following a picture-based plan 10.1007/978-3-030-99134-0_11 Clinical Handbook of Behavioral Sleep Treatment in Children on the Autism SpectrumSpringer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99134-0_11 Cham151–1572022
13.
Fletcher-WatsonS.LeekamS. R.ConnollyB.CollisJ. M.FindlayJ. M.McconachieH.RodgersJ.Attenuation of change blindness in children with autism spectrum disorders 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02054.x British Journal of Developmental Psychology https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02054.x 303446–4582011
14.
FrauenbergerC.GoodJ.AlcornA.Challenges, opportunities and future perspectives in including children with disabilities in the design of interactive technology 10.1145/2307096.2307171 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC ‘12)Association for Computing Machinery https://doi.org/10.1145/2307096.2307171 367–3702012
GilroyS. P.LeaderG.MccleeryJ. P.A pilot community-based randomized comparison of speech generating devices and the Picture Exchange Communication System for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder 10.1002/aur.2025 Autism Research https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2025 11121701–17112018
17.
GraetzJ. E.MastropieriM.ScruggsT. E.Decreasing inappropriate behaviors for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders using modified social stories. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilitieshttp://www.jstor.org/stable/242334664491–1042009
18.
GrandinT.Thinking in pictures: And other reports from my life with autismVintage2006
19.
HampshireP. K.HourcadeJ. J.Teaching play skills to children with autism using visually structured tasks 10.1177/004005991404600303 TEACHING Exceptional Children https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991404600303 46326–312014
20.
HappéF.FrithU.The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0 Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0 3615–252006
21.
HayesT. R.PetrovA. A.Pupil diameter tracks the exploration-exploitation trade-off during analogical reasoning and explains individual differences in fluid intelligence 10.1162/jocn_a_00895 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00895 282308–3182016
22.
HayesT. R.PetrovA. A.SederbergP. B.Do we really become smarter when our fluid-intelligence test scores improve? 10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.005 Intelligence https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.005 4811–142015
23.
KamaruzamanM. F.RaniN. M.NorH. M.AzahariM. H.Developing user interface design application for children with autism 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.022 Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.022 2171887–8942016
24.
LiH.-HFengJ.-YWangB.ZhangY.WangC.-XJiaF.-YComparison of the children neuropsychological and behavior scale and the griffiths mental development scales when assessing the development of children with autism 10.2147/PRBM.S225904 Psychology Research and Behavior Management https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S225904 121973–9812019
25.
LiY.LuL.Investigation and analysis of factors affecting neuropsychological development of 339 children in JuneContemporary Medicine (Academic Edition)1341240–422008in Chinese
26.
LianX.HongW. C HXuX.Kolletar-ZhuK.WangZ.The influence of picture book design on visual attention of children with autism: A pilot study 10.1080/20473869.2022.2033590 International Journal of Developmental Disabilities https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2022.2033590 6961–112023
27.
LianX.HongW. C HYuJ.An eyetracking study on autistic children's visual attention: The use of spatial-progression, time-sequence, colours and shape-patterns in picture book designs 10.1007/s12144-022-03091-1 Current Psychology https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03091-1 42119548–195602023
28.
LuoM. F.XiaoB.ZhaoX. L.FengC. Y.PengQ. L.YaoX. F.MaL. Y.Application of the children neuropsychological and behavioral scale-revision 2016 in young children with autism spectrum disorder 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2001035 Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics https://www.zgddek.com/EN/volumn/current.shtmlhttps://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2001035 221494–4982020
29.
MckoneE.Aimola DaviesA.FernandoD.AaldersR.LeungH.WickramariyaratneT.PlatowM. J.Asia has the global advantage: Race and visual attention 10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.010 Vision Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.010 50161540–15492010
30.
MeadanH.OstroskyM. M.TriplettB.MichnaA.FettigA.Using visual supports with young children with autism spectrum disorder TEACHINGPicture Book Presentation Order2011Exceptional Children https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991104300603 43628–35
31.
MeermeierA.JordingM.AlayoubiY.VogelD. H VVogeleyK.TepestR.Brief report: Preferred processing of social stimuli in autism: A perception task 10.1007/s10803-021-05195-2 Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05195-2 5213286–32932021
32.
MesibovG. B.SheaV.The TEACCH program in the era of evidence-based practice 10.1007/s10803-009-0901-6 Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0901-6 405570–5792010
33.
MilleyA.MachalicekW.Decreasing students’ reliance on adults 10.1177/1053451212449739 Intervention in School and Clinic https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451212449739 48267–752012
34.
MuhamadF. K.NurdalilahM. R.HarrinniM. N.MustafaH. H ADeveloping user interface design application for children2016with autism
35.
10.1016/j.sbspro.2016 02.022Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016 217887–894
36.
National Research CouncilEducating children with autism (Division of Behavioral and Social and EducationNational Academy Press2001
37.
PerrottiA. M.BobzienJ.LugoV. A.ChenC. H.BruhnA. M.GiannakosM.MichalekA.Using eye tracking to explore visual attention in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder 10.4018/IJBCE.2021010101 International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Engineering https://doi.org/10.4018/IJBCE.2021010101 1011–182021
38.
PiersonM. R.GlaeserB. C.Using comic strip conversations to increase social satisfaction and decrease loneliness in students with autism spectrum disorder 10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1152 Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1152 424460–4662007
39.
RadleyK. C.DartE. H.BrennanK. J.HelbigK. A.LehmanE. L.SilbermanM.MendanhallK.Social skills teaching for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review 10.1007/s41252-020-00170-x Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-020-00170-x 43215–2262020
40.
RaynerK.PollatsekA.The psychology of readingPrentice-Hall1989
41.
RetzlerC.RetzlerJ.Brief report: Local-Global processing and co-occurrence of anxiety, autistic and obsessive-compulsive traits in a nonclinical sampleJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders1211–82023
42.
SargezehB. A.AyatollahiA.DaliriM. R.Investigation of eye movement pattern parameters of individuals with different fluid intelligence 10.1007/s00221-018-5392-2 Experimental Brain Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5392-2 237115–282018
43.
TaberneroR.CalvoV.Children with autism and picture books: Extending the reading experiences of autistic learners of primary age 10.1111/lit.12182 Literacy https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12182 54111–172020
44.
TangW. Y FFongK. N KChungR. C KThe effects of storytelling with or without social contextual information regarding eye gaze and visual attention in children with autistic spectrum disorder and typical development: A randomized, controlled eye-tracking study 10.1007/s10803-021-05012-w Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05012-w 5211257–12672022
45.
TsukaharaJ. S.HarrisonT. L.EngleR. W.The relationship between baseline pupil size and intelligence 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.10.001 Cognitive Psychology https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.10.001 911109–1232016
YanevaV.TemnikovaI.MitkovR.Accessible texts for autism 10.1145/2700648.2809852 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility-ASSETS https://doi.org/10.1145/2700648.2809852 1549–572015
48.
YangT.ZhuJ.LiQ.ChenL.WuL.-JJiaF.-YHaoY.KeX.-YYiM.-JJinC.-HChenJ.LiT. Y.China multi-center preschool autism project (CMPAP): Design and methodologies to identify clinical symptom features and biomarkers of autism spectrum disorders 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.613519 Frontiers in Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.613519 1112021
