The gut is the organ with the largest number of microorganisms in the organism, and host–microbe interactions allow the host to shape the composition of the microbiome and thus its numbers and diversity. The gut microbiome is integral to the facilitation of vital host functions that have a direct impact on the overall health of the host. This paper aims to present a thorough overview of the composition and function of the gut microbiome and its main metabolites (such as lipopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids), as well as their key roles and mechanisms in fetal development. The theme highlights the significance of the gut microbiome in fetal development, and the paper aims to establish their relationship and importance in a systematic manner. In the latter portion of the article, an analysis is presented regarding the proposed mechanism of the gut–placental axis, with an effort to outline strategies for regulating maternal gut microbiology in order to enhance fetal growth and development. By delving into this subject matter extensively, we aim to enhance comprehension of the correlation between maternal gut microbes and fetal development. This can contribute to safeguarding the mother’s health, enhancing the survival and well-being of the fetus, and carrying significance for both human and animal reproduction. Furthermore, it can provide valuable insights for future research and clinical practices.
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