A content analysis was conducted to identify student behaviors associated with remediation. Identifying student behaviors associated with remediation could provide information to consider when developing student learning outcomes that address personal and professional competencies necessary for all students to display. A total of 26 articles were included in the study, which resulted in the identification of 34 student behaviors. Within the 34 student behaviors, 8 categories were identified: (1) ethical behaviors, (2) symptoms of a mental health diagnosis, (3) intrinsic characteristics, (4) counseling skills, (5) feedback, (6) self-reflective abilities, (7) personal difficulties, and (8) procedural compliance.
AstramovichR. L.CokerJ. K. (2007). Program evaluation: The accountability bridge model for counselors. Journal of Counseling Today, 85, 162–172.
3.
BaldoT. D.Softas-NallB. C.ShawS. F. (1997). Student review and retention in counselor education: An alternative to Frame and Stevens-Smith. Counselor Education & Supervision, 36, 245–253.
4.
BemakF.EppL. R.KeysS. G. (1999). Impaired graduate students: A process model of graduate program monitoring and intervention. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 21, 19–30. doi:10/1023/A:1005387309472
5.
BertramB.HomrichA. M. (2009, October). Professional gatekeeping: Legal and ethical dimensions of personal and professional competency. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, San Diego, CA.
6.
BiaggioM. K.Gasparikova-KrasnecM.BauerL. (1983). Evaluation of clinical psychology graduate students: The problem of the unsuitable student. Professional Practice of Psychology, 4, 9–20.
7.
BoxleyR.DrewC. R.RangelD. M. (1986). Clinical trainee impairment in APA approved internship programs. Clinical Psychologist, 39, 49–52.
8.
BradeyJ.PostP. (1991). Impaired students: Do we eliminate them from counselor education programs?Counselor Education & Supervision, 31, 100–108.
9.
BryantJ. K. (2010, March). Gatekeeping procedures for counselor educators: Legal, ethical, and programmatic considerations. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Counseling Association, Pittsburgh, PA.
10.
BurgessS. L. (1995). The impaired clinical and counseling psychology doctoral student (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). California School of Professional Psychology, CA.
11.
BusseriM. A.TylerJ. D.KingA. R. (2005). An exploratory examination of student dismissals and prompted resignations from clinical psychology PhD training programs: Does clinical competency matter?Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 441–445. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.441
DubaJ. D.PaezS. B.KindsvatterA. (2010). Criteria of nonacademic characteristics used to evaluate and retain community counseling students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88, 154–162.
14.
DufreneR. L.HendersonK. L. (2009). A framework for remediation plans for counseling trainees. In
WalzG.BleuerJ.YepR. (Eds.), Compelling counseling images: The best of VISTAS 2009 (pp. 149–159). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
15.
DufreneR. L.HendersonK.TannerZ. (2009, October). Developing and implementing an individual remediation plan (IRP) for counseling students. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, San Diego, CA.
16.
FlyB. J.van BarkW. P.WeinmanL.KitchenerK. S.LangP. R. (1997). Ethical transgressions of psychology graduate students: Critical incidents with implications for training. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28, 492–495. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.28.5.492
17.
FosterJ.OhrtJ.LeppmaM. (2009, October). Gatekeeping: The role of the counselor educator. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, San Diego, CA.
18.
FrameM. W.Stevens-SmithP. (1995). Out of harm’s way: Enhancing monitoring and dismissal processes in counselor education programs. Counselor Education & Supervision, 35, 118–129.
GilfoyleN. (2008). The legal exosystem: Risk management in addressing student competence problems in professional psychology training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2, 202–209. doi:10.1037/1931-3918.2.4.202
21.
HendersonK.DufreneR. L. (2010, March). Remediation of students in counseling graduate programs: A national study. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Counseling Association, Pittsburgh, PA.
22.
HendersonK. L (2010). The remediation of students in counseling graduate programs: Behavioral indicators, terminology, and interventions (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/NOD&CISOPTR=940&CISOBOX=1&REC= 1
HuprichS. K.RuddM. D. (2004). A national survey of trainee impairment in clinical, counseling, and school psychology doctoral programs and internships. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 43–52. doi:10.1002/jclp.10233
25.
KaslowN. J.RubinN. J.ForrestL.ElmanN. S.Van HorneB. A.JacobsS. C., …ThornB. E. (2007). Recognizing, assessing, and intervening with problems of professional competence. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 479–492. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.5.479
KerlS. B.GarciaJ. L.McCulloughS.MaxwellM. E. (2002). Systematic evaluation of professional performance: Legally supported procedure and process. Counselor Education & Supervision, 41, 321–332.
28.
KoerinB.MillerJ. (1995). Gatekeeping policies: Terminating students for nonacademic reasons. Journal of Social Work Education, 31, 247–260.
29.
KressV. E.ProtivnakJ. J. (2009). Professional development plans to remedy problematic counseling student behaviors. Counselor Education & Supervision, 48, 154–166.
30.
LambD. H.PresserN. R.PfostK. S.BaumM. C.JacksonV. R.JarvisP. A. (1987). Confronting professional impairment during the internship: Identification, due process, and remediation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 597–603. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.18.6.597
31.
LiC.TrustyJ.LampeR.LinY. (2008, September 2). Remediation and termination of impaired students in CACREP-accredited counseling programs. Connexionswebsite. Retrieved October 2, 1008, fromhttp://cnx.org/content/m17376/1.2/
LumadueC. A.DuffeyT. H. (1999). The role of graduate programs as gatekeepers: A model for evaluating student counselor competence. Counselor Education and Supervision, 39, 101–109.
34.
McAdamsIII, C. R.FosterV. A. (2007). A guide to just and fair remediation of counseling students with professional performance deficiencies. Counselor Education & Supervision, 47, 2–13.
35.
McAdamsIII, C. R.FosterV. A.WardT. J. (2007). Remediation and dismissal policies in counselor education: Lessons learned from a challenge in federal court. Counselor Education & Supervision, 46, 212–229.
36.
MearnsJ.AllenG. J. (1991). Graduate students’ experiences in dealing with impaired peers, compared with faculty predictions: An exploratory study. Ethics & Behavior, 1, 191–202.
37.
NelsonK. W.OliverM.ReeveJ. (2009, October). Gatekeeping and supervisory intervention: Complex ethical processes. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, San Diego, CA.
38.
OliverM. N.BernsteinJ. H.AndersonK. G.BlashfieldR. K.RobertsM. C. (2004). An exploratory examination of student attitudes toward ‘impaired’ peers in clinical psychology training programs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 141–147. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.2.141
39.
OlkinR.GaughenS. (1991). Evaluation and dismissal of students in master’s level clinical programs: Legal parameters and survey results. Counselor Education & Supervision, 30, 276–288.
40.
ProcidanoM. E.Busch-RossnagelN. A.ReznikoffM.GeisingerK. F. (1995). Responding to graduate students’ professional deficiencies: A national survey. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 426–433.
41.
RosenbergJ. I.GetzelmanM. A.ArcinueF.OrenC. Z. (2005). An exploratory look at student experiences of problematic peers in academic professional psychology programs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 665–673. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.36.6.665
42.
RussellC. S.PetersonC. M. (2003). Student impairment and remediation in accredited marriage and family therapy programs. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 29, 329–337. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01210.x
TedescoJ. F. (1982). Premature termination of psychology interns. Professional Psychology, 13, 695–698.
45.
Vacha-HaaseT.DavenportD. S.KerewskyS. D. (2004). Problematic students: Gatekeeping practices of academic professional psychology programs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 115–122. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.2.115
46.
WilbanksWard v., No. 09-CV-11237, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 127038 (E.D. Mich. July 26, 2010), rev'd and remanded sub nom. to Ward v. Polite, Nos. 10-2100/2145 (6th Cir. Mich. 2012).
