Left ventricular hypoplasia is a common finding in various forms of congenital heart disease. Echocardiography in the setting of left ventricular hypoplasia must comprehensively assess the size and function of all left-sided structures including the mitral valve, left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve and aortic arch. Of most importance in any variation of left ventricular hypoplasia is the left ventricular inlet. In neonates, the left ventricular inlet often determines the adequacy of the left ventricle and is the most difficult component to treat surgically.
KaplinskiMCohenMS. Characterising adequacy or inadequacy of the borderline left ventricle: what tools can we use?Cardiol Young. 2015;25(8): 1482-1488.
2.
Grosse-WortmannLYunTJAl-RadiO, et al. Borderline hypoplasia of the left ventricle in neonates: insights for decision-making from functional assessment with magnetic resonance imaging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136(6): 1429-1436.
3.
MahleWTWeinbergPWRychikJ. Can echocardiography predict the presence or absence of endocardial fibroelastosis in infants < 1 year of age with left ventricular outflow tract?Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(1): 122-124.
4.
FeinsteinJABensonDWDubinAM, et al. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: current considerations and expectations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(1 Suppl): S1-S42.
5.
PluchinottaFRPiekarskiBLMilaniV, et al. Surgical atrioventricular valve replacement with melody valve in infants and children. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(11): 1-11.
6.
RhodesLAColanSDPerrySB, et al. Predictors of survival in neonates with critical aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1991;84(6): 2325-2335.
7.
LoflandGKMcCrindleBWWilliamsWG, et al. Critical aortic stenosis in the neonate: a multi-institutional study of management, outcomes and risk factors. Congenital heart surgeon society. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121(1): 10-27.
8.
StranzingerEEnsingGHernandezRJ. MR findings of endocardial fibroelastosis in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38(3): 292-296.
9.
FriedmanKGMcElhinneyDBColanSD, et al. Left ventricular diastolic function in children and young adults after congenital aortic valve disease. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2): 243-249.
10.
TchervenkovCITahtaSAJutrasLC, et al. Biventricular repair in neonates with hypoplastic left heart complex. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(4): 1350-1357.
11.
PuchalskiMDWilliamsRVHawkinsJA, et al. Follow-up of aortic coarctation repair in neonates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(1): 188-191.
12.
MartCREckhauserAW. Development of an echocardiographic scoring system to predict biventricular repair in neonatal left heart complex. Pediatr Cardiol.2014;35(8): 1456-1466.
13.
CohenMSJacobsMLWeinbergPMRychikJ. Morphometric analysis of unbalanced common atrioventricular canal using two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(4): 1017-1023
14.
JegatheeswaranAPisarroCCaldaroneC, et al. Echocardiographic definition of “Unbalanced” in complete atrioventricular septal defect: a multi-institutional study. Circulation. 2010;122(suppl 11): S209-S215.
15.
SzwastALMarinoBSRychikJ, et al. Usefulness of left ventricular inflow index to predict successful biventricular repair in right-dominant unbalanced atrioventricular canal. Am J Cardiol2011;107(1): 103-109.
16.
CohenMSJegatheeswaranABaffaJM, et al. Echocardiographic features defining right dominant unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect: a multi-institutional study of the congenital heart surgeon’s society. Circulation: Cardiovasc Imag. 2013;6(4): 508-513.
17.
LugonesIBiancoliniMFBiancoliniJC, et al. Feasibility of biventricular repair in right dominant unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect: a new echocardiographic metric to refine surgical decision-making. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2017;8(4): 460-467.
18.
FokerJEBerryJMVinocourJM, et al.Two ventricle repairs in the unbalanced atrioventricular canal defect spectrum with midterm follow up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg2013;146(4): 854-860.
