Use of cardiac resynchronization in children and young adults with congenital heart disease has been described in a variety of anecdotal cases and pooled institutional summaries which report mid-term results. This manuscript addresses use of cardiac resynchronization and/or multisite pacing in children in the acute postoperative period with a failing right, left, or single ventricle.
WernovskyGWypijDJonasRA. Postoperative course and hemodynamic profile after the arterial switch operation in neonates and infants. A comparison of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. Circulation. 1995;92(8):2226–2235.
2.
ClelandJGKhandAClarkA.The heart failure epidemic: exactly how big is it?Eur Heart J. 2001;22(8):623–626.
3.
AbrahamWTFisherWGSmithAL. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(24):1845–1853.
4.
CazeauSLeclercqCLavergneT. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(12):873–880.
5.
MossAJHallWJCannomDS. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(5):1329–1338.
6.
BristowMRSaxonLABoehmerJ. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140–2150.
7.
BaldasseroniSOpasichCGoriniM. Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the italian network on congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143(3):398–405.
8.
ShamimWFrancisDPYousufuddinM. Intraventricular conduction delay: a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 1999;70(2):171–178.
9.
GatzoulisMATillJASomervilleJRedingtonAN.Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of fallot. Qrs prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Circulation. 1995;92(2):231–237.
10.
AchilliASassaraMFiciliS. Long-term effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with refractory heart failure and “narrow” qrs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(12):2117–2124.
11.
YuCMLinHZhangQSandersonJE.High prevalence of left ventricular systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure and normal qrs duration. Heart. 2003;89(1):54–60.
12.
WangJKurrelmeyerKMTorre-AmioneGNaguehSF.Systolic and diastolic dyssynchrony in patients with diastolic heart failure and the effect of medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(1):88–96.
13.
KashaniABaroldSS.Significance of qrs complex duration in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12):2183–2192.
14.
BaxJJAnsaloneGBreithardtOA. Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac resynchronization therapy: Ready for routine clinical use? A critical appraisal. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(1):1–9.
15.
BaxJJMolhoekSGvan ErvenL. Usefulness of myocardial tissue doppler echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular dyssynchrony before and after biventricular pacing in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(1):94–97.
16.
MeleDPasanisiGHeimdalA. Improved recognition of dysfunctioning myocardial segments by longitudinal strain rate versus velocity in patients with myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17(4):313–321.
17.
PitzalisMVIacovielloMRomitoR. Cardiac resynchronization therapy tailored by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(9):1615–1622.
18.
RouleauFMerhebMGeffroyS. Echocardiographic assessment of the interventricular delay of activation and correlation to the qrs width in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24(10):1500–1506.
19.
PrinzenFWHunterWCWymanBTMcVeighER.Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: Experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1735–1742.
20.
JanousekJTomekVChaloupeckyVGebauerRA.Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with dual-chamber pacing in infants: improvement through either left ventricular cardiac resynchronization or programming the pacemaker off allowing intrinsic normal conduction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(4):470–474.
21.
NelsonGSBergerRDFeticsBJ. Left ventricular or biventricular pacing improves cardiac function at diminished energy cost in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle-branch block. Circulation. 2000;102(25):3053–3059.
22.
VanagtWYVerbeekXADelhaasT. Acute hemodynamic benefit of left ventricular apex pacing in children. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(3):932–936.
23.
JanousekJVojtovicPHucinB. Resynchronization pacing is a useful adjunct to the management of acute heart failure after surgery for congenital heart defects. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(2):145–152.
24.
RaoRKKumarUNSchaferJViloriaEDe LurgioDFosterE.Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing. Circulation. 2007;115(16):2136–2144.
25.
KassDA.An epidemic of dyssynchrony: but what does it mean?J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(1):12–17.
26.
ZimmermanFJStarrJPKoenigPRSmithPHijaziZMBachaEA.Acute hemodynamic benefit of multisite ventricular pacing after congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75(6):1775–1780.
27.
PhamPPBalajiSShenIUngerleiderRLiXSahnDJ.Impact of conventional versus biventricular pacing on hemodynamics and tissue doppler imaging indexes of resynchronization postoperatively in children with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12):2284–2289.
28.
PrietoLRHordofAJSecicMRosenbaumMSGersonyWM.Progressive tricuspid valve disease in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1998;98(10):997–1005.
29.
BeermanLBNechesWHFrickerFJ. Arrhythmias in transposition of the great arteries after the mustard operation. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51(3):1530–1534.
30.
HuhtaJCMaloneyJDRitterDGIlstrupDMFeldtRH.Complete atrioventricular block in patients with atrioventricular discordance. Circulation. 1983;67(6):1374–1377.
31.
KarpawichPPRabahRHaasJE.Altered cardiac histology following apical right ventricular pacing in patients with congenital atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22(9):1372–1377.
32.
ThamboJBBordacharPGarrigueS. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation. 2004;110(25):3766–3772.
33.
DubinAMJanousekJRheeE. Resynchronization therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients: An international multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12):2277–2283.
34.
CecchinFFranginiPABrownDW. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (and multisite pacing) in pediatrics and congenital heart disease: five years experience in a single institution. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(1):58–65.
35.
Rodriguez-CruzEKarpawichPPLiebermanRATantengcoMV.Biventricular pacing as alternative therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy associated with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24(2):235–237.
36.
JanousekJVojtovicPChaloupeckyV. Hemodynamically optimized temporary cardiac pacing after surgery for congenital heart defects. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(8):1250–1259.
37.
StrieperMKarpawichPFriasP. Initial experience with cardiac resynchronization therapy for ventricular dysfunction in young patients with surgically operated congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(()):1352–1354.
38.
JauvertGRousseau-PaziaudJVillainE. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on echocardiographic indices, functional capacity, and clinical outcomes of patients with a systemic right ventricle. Europace. 2009;11(2):184–190.
39.
JanousekJGebauerRAAbdul-KhaliqH. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in paediatric and congenital heart disease: differential effects in various anatomical and functional substrates. Heart. 2009;95(14):1165–1171.
40.
KiesewetterCMichaelKMorganJVeldtmanGR.Left ventricular dysfunction after cardiac resynchronization therapy in congenital heart disease patients with a failing systemic right ventricle. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(2):159–162.
41.
AltmannKPrintzBFSolowiejczkyDEGersonyWMQuaegebeurJApfelHD.Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function as a predictor of outcome in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(9):964–968.
42.
KiaffasMGVan PraaghRHaniotiCGreenDW.The modified fontan procedure: morphometry and surgical implications. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(6):1746–1753.
43.
MahleWTSprayTLWernovskyGGaynorJWClarkBJ,3rd. Survival after reconstructive surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a 15-year experience from a single institution. Circulation. 2000;102(19 suppl 3):III136–III141.
44.
YamamuraHNakazawaMParkINakanishiTMommaKImaiY.Asynchronous volume changes of the two ventricles after fontan operation in patients with a biventricular heart. Heart Vessels. 1994;9(6):307–314.
45.
BachaEAZimmermanFJMor-AviV. Ventricular resynchronization by multisite pacing improves myocardial performance in the postoperative single-ventricle patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(5):1678–1683.
46.
SenzakiHKyoSMatsumotoK. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in a patient with single ventricle and intracardiac conduction delay. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(1):287–288.
47.
VogelMSponringJCullenSDeanfieldJERedingtonAN.Regional wall motion and abnormalities of electrical depolarization and repolarization in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of fallot. Circulation. 2001;103(12):1669–1673.
48.
AbdElRahmanMYHuiWYigitbasiM. Detection of left ventricular asynchrony in patients with right bundle branch block after repair of tetralogy of fallot using tissue-doppler imaging-derived strain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(6):915–921.
49.
PedersenTAAndersenNHKnudsenMRChristensenTDSorensenKEHjortdalVE.The effects of surgically induced right bundle branch block on left ventricular function after closure of the ventricular septal defect. Cardiol Young. 2008;18(4):430–436.
50.
DubinAMFeinsteinJAReddyVMHanleyFLVan HareGFRosenthalDN.Electrical resynchronization: a novel therapy for the failing right ventricle. Circulation. 2003;107(18):2287–2289.
51.
UebingAGibsonDGBabu-NarayanSV. Right ventricular mechanics and qrs duration in patients with repaired tetralogy of fallot: Implications of infundibular disease. Circulation. 2007;116(14):1532–1539.
52.
ThamboJBDos SantosPDe GuillebonM. Biventricular stimulation improves right and left ventricular function after tetralogy of fallot repair: acute animal and clinical studies. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(3):344–350.