The written artifacts of nineteenth-century Virginian Robert Reid Howison (1820–1906) lend themselves to an analysis of Howison as a self-directed, lifelong learner, and non-traditional educator as evidenced through his scholarship stemming from his vocational roles as lawyer and minister as well as his work as a historian. Howison’s autobiography provides the chronology to examine his life, situated within a tumultuous cultural milieu, and it offers insights into intellectual participation outside of an academic setting. Despite Howison’s prolific career, he is largely unknown in contemporary literature; however, he is a worthy role model of independent scholarship for 21st century educators.
AlveyE (1976) History of the Presbyterian Church of Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1808-1976. Fredericksburg, VA: The Session of the Presbyterian Church of Fredericksburg.
2.
BoucouvalasM (2009) Revisiting the concept of SELF in self-directed learning: Toward a more robust construct for research and practice in a global context. The International Journal of Self-Directed Learning1(6): 1–10.
3.
BrysonWH (1977) Robert Reid Howison. In: BrysonWH (ed), The Virginia Law Reporters Before 1800. Charlottesville: The University of Virginia Press, pp. 112–117.
4.
CreminLA (1977) Traditions of American Education. New York: Basic Books.
5.
DarterOH (1957) Colonial Fredericksburg and Neighborhood in Perspective. New York: Twayne Publishers.
6.
DiltheyWMakkreelRARodiF (2002) The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7.
DrakemanDL (2007) The church historians who made the first amendment what it is today. Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation17(1): 27–56.
8.
HowisonRR (1846) A History of Virginia, from its Discovery and Settlement by Europeans to the Present Time. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, Vol. 1.
9.
HowisonRR (1848) History of Virginia, from its Discovery and Settlement by Europeans to the Present Time. Richmond: Drinker and Morris, Vol. 2.
10.
HowisonRR (1851) Reports of Criminal Trials in the Circuit, State and United States Courts, Held in Richmond, Virginia. Richmond: Geo. M. West & Brother.
11.
HowisonRR (1892) A History of the United States of America. Richmond: Everett Waddey Company.
12.
HowisonRR (1883a) The New Testament plan of educating candidates for the Christian ministry. Southern Presbyterian Review34(October): 651–682.
13.
HowisonRR (1883b) God and Creation. Richmond: West: Johnson & Co.
14.
HowisonRR (1899a) Parochial Schools, Ought Our Church to Attempt to Establish Them?Central Presbyterian (March 14, 1899).
15.
HowisonRR (1899b) The ‘Parochial School Plan’. Central Presbyterian. (June, 1899).
16.
HowisonRR (1899c) Sectarian Colleges and Parochial Schools. Finale. Christian Observer (September 13, 1899).
17.
HowisonRR (1901) Twice Forty Years of American Life. Unpublished autobiographical manuscript; in the possession of the author.
18.
KettJH (1994) The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America, 1750-1990. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
19.
KnowlesMS (1975) Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers. Chicago: Follett Publishing.
20.
LeichterHJ (1973) The concept of educative style. Teachers College Record75(2): 239–250.
21.
MooreJT (1996) From dynasty to disfranchisement: Some reflections about Virginia history, 1820-1902. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography104: 137–148.
22.
NollMA (2006) The Civil War as a Theological Crisis. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
23.
PalmerPJ (1993) To Know as We Are Known: Education as a Spiritual Journey. New York: Harper Collins.
24.
Presbyterian Standard (1899) August 24.
25.
RickmanHP (1976) Dilthey: Selected Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26.
RickmanHP (1979) Wilhelm Dilthey: Pioneer of the Human Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27.
RobinsonDG (1977). The Academies of Virginia. Dietz Press, pp. 1776–1861.
28.
StubblefieldHWKeaneP (1994) Adult Education in the American Experience: From the Colonial Period to the Present. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
29.
SweetserWBJr. (2016) A Copious Fountain: A History of Union Presbyterian Seminary 1812-2012. Louisville, KY: John Knox Press.
30.
ToughA (1979) The Adult’s Learning Projects: A Fresh Approach to Theory and Practice in Adult Learning, 2nd ed.Austin: Learning Concepts.
