COLLEGE IS A TIME of exploration for students. College students who are Christian may also engage in exploration of God's call on their lives, a discernment of their vocation. One pedagogical technique that can help us help students explore vocation is service-learning. To better understand their vocation, students need to understand themselves andfit that with what the world needs (Buechner, 1992). Research on service-learning suggests that both identity and knowledge of the world are expanded through service-learning experiences.
ArnettJ. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood: Understanding the new way of coming of age In ArnettJ. J.TannerJ. L. (Eds.), Emerging adults in America (pp. 3–19). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
2.
BatchelderT. H.RootS. (1994). Effects of an undergraduate program to integrate academic learning and service: Cognitive, prosocial cognitive, and identity outcomesJournal of Adolescence, 17, 341–355.
3.
BuechnerF. (1992). Listening to your life: Daily meditations with Frederick Buechner. New York: HarperCollins.
4.
ButinD. W. (2005). Preface: Disturbing normalizations of service-learning In ButinD. W. (Ed), Service-learning in higher education (pp vii–xx) New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
5.
CebulskiL. H. (2002). Lessons in service-learning: Dilemma of guilt, lessons in reciprocity. In HeffnerG. G.BeversluisC. DeVries (Eds.), Commitment and connection: Service-learning and Christian higher education (pp. 117–124). New York: University Press of America.
6.
DeweyJ. (1938). Experience and education. New York: Collier Books.
7.
DykstraC. (2007, February). What do we mean by the theological exploration of vocation? Paper presented at the Programs for the Theological Exploration of Vocation conference, Indianapolis, IN. Retrieved from http://www.ptev.org/news.aspx?iid=63
8.
EriksonE. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
9.
EriksonE. H. (1959). Growth and crises of the healthy personality. Psychological Issues, 1(Monograph 1), 50–100.
10.
EriksonE. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
11.
EylerJ.GilesD. E.Jr. (1999). Where's the learning in service-learning?San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12.
FeenstraJ. S.BrouwerA. M. (2008). Christian vocation: Defining relations with identity status, college adjustment, and spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 36, 83–93.
13.
GrotevantH. D. (1987). Toward a process model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 203–222.
14.
HowardJ. P. F. (1998). Academic service-learning: A counternormative pedagogy. In RhoadsR. A.HowardP. P. F. (Eds.), Academic service learning: A pedagogy of action and reflection (pp. 21–29). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15.
JonesS. R.AbesE. S. (2004). Enduring influences of service-learning on college students' identity development. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 149–166.
16.
KerpelmanJ. L.PittmanJ. F.LamkeL. K. (1997). Toward a microprocess perspective on adolescent identity development: An identity control theory approachJournal of Adolescent Research, 12, 324–346.
17.
KingP. M.KitchenerK. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment: Understanding and promoting intellectual growth and critical thinking in adolescents and adults. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
18.
KraftR. J. (1996). Service learning: An introduction to its theory, practice, and effectsEducation and Urban Society, 28, 131–159.
19.
Loyd-PaigeM. R. (2002). From tolerance to M.I.N.D. renewal: Service-learning as an experiential basis for thinking about diversity In HeffnerG GBeversluisC. DeVries, (Eds), Commitment and connection: Service-learning and Christian higher education (pp. 125–140). New York: University Press of America.
20.
MarciaJ. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551–558.
21.
McAdamsD. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. New York: Guilford Press.
22.
McAdamsD. P.BauerJ. J.SakaedaA. R.AnyidohoN. A.MachadoM. A.Magrino-FaillaK.PalsJ. L. (2006). Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthoodJournal of Personality, 74, 1371–1400.
23.
MeeusJ.IedemaJ.HelsenM.VolleberghW. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysisDevelopmental Review, 19, 419–461.
24.
MeilmanP. W. (1979). Cross-sectional age changes in ego identity status during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 15, 230–231.
25.
MilofskyC.FlackW. F.Jr., (2005). Service-learning as a source of identity change in Buckness in Northern Ireland. In ButinD. W. (Ed.), Service-learning in higher education (pp. 157–172). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
26.
PompaL. (2005). Service-learning as a crucible: Reflections on immersion, context, power, and transformation In ButinD. W. (Ed.), Service-learning in higher education (pp. 173–192). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
27.
RegehrG.NormanG. R. (1996). Issues in cognitive psychology: Implications for professional education. Academic Medicine, 71, 988–1000.
28.
RhoadsR. A. (1998). In the service of citizenship: A study of student involvement in community serviceJournal of Higher Education, 69, 277–297.
29.
SigmonR. (1996). The problem of definition in service-learning In SigmonR. (Ed.), Journey to service-learning: Experiences from independent liberal arts colleges and universities (pp. 9–11). Washington, DC: Council of Independent Colleges.
30.
SpiroR. J.JehngJ. C. (1990). Cognitive flexibility and hypertext: Theory and technology for the nonlinear and multidimensional traversal of complex subject matter In NixD.SpiroR. J. (Eds.), Cognition, education, and multimedia: Explorations in high technology (pp. 163–205). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
31.
SpiroR. J.CollinsB. P.RamachandranA. R. (2007). Modes of openness and flexibility in cognitive flexibility hypertext. In KhanB. H. (Ed.), Flexible learning in an information society (pp. 18–22). Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing.
32.
Ver BeekK. (2002). International service-learning: A call to caution. In HeffnerG. G.BeversluisC. DeVries (Eds.), Commitment and connection: Service-learning and Christian higher education (pp. 55–69). New York: University Press of America.
33.
WatermanA. S. (1985). Identity in the context of adolescent psychology. In WatermanA. S. (Ed.), New directions for child development: Identity in adolescence: Processes and contents (Vol. 30, pp. 5–24). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
