Abstract
History began as the first of the Arts, using personal investigation to judge human affairs. Philosophy defined the nature of the cosmos using logic to show that it was complete, and therefore incapable of change. After a millennium Aristotle's doctrine of the eternity of the universe was refuted. The saga of creation in Genesis gave the world a history, open to testing by experiment. The gospel of Paul expected that the old would pass awaj in the end. History would not now repeat itself, so rhetorical lessons were displaced by verbatim citation to document developments.
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