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Abstract

French

Background:

Although blood pressure (BP) control is critical to prevent cardiovascular diseases, hypertension control rates in Canada are in decline.

Objective:

To assess this issue, we sought to evaluate the differences in antihypertensive medication prescription profiles in the province of Quebec between 2009 and 2021.

Design:

This is a retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

We used data from the CARTaGENE population–based cohort linked to administrative health databases.

Patients:

Participants with any drug claim in the 6 months prior to the end of follow-up were included.

Measurements:

Guideline-recommended antihypertensive drug prescription profiles were assessed at the time of enrollment (2009-2010) and end of follow-up (March 2021).

Methods:

Prescriptions practices from the 2 time periods were compared using Pearson’s chi-square tests. A sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding participants in which antihypertensive drugs may not have been prescribed solely to treat hypertension (presence of atrial fibrillation/flutter, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or migraines documented prior to or during follow-up).

Results:

Of 8447 participants included in the study, 31.4% and 51.3% filled prescriptions for antihypertensive drugs at the beginning and end of follow-up. In both study periods, guideline-recommended monotherapy was applied in most participants with hypertension (77.9% vs 79.5%, P = .3), whereas optimal 2 and 3-drug combinations were used less frequently (62.0% vs 61.4%, P = .77, 51.9% vs 46.7%, P = .066, respectively). Only the use of long-acting thiazide-like diuretics (9.5% vs 27.7%, P < .001) and spironolactone as a fourth-line agent (8.3% vs 15.9%, P = .054) increased with time but nonetheless remained infrequent. Results were similar in the sensitivity analysis.

Limitations:

Specific indication of the prescribed antihypertensive medications and follow-up BP data was not available.

Conclusions:

Application of hypertension guidelines for the choice of antihypertensive drugs remains suboptimal, highlighting the need for education initiatives. This may be an important step to raise BP control rates in Canada.

Keywords

blood pressure therapy antihypertensive drugs cohort study

Introduction

Hypertension affects nearly 1 in 4 Canadian adults and accounts for a significant proportion of health care spending.^1,2 Controlling blood pressure (BP) is critical to preventing cardiovascular disease which are the leading causes of mortality and major contributors to disabilities and poor quality of life.^3-5 Since the mid-2000s, Canada has emerged as an international leader in hypertension screening, diagnosis, and management.^6-8 As rates of treatment and BP control significantly increased between 1992 and 2009 (34% vs 82% and 13% vs 69%, respectively), consistent decrease in national cardiovascular deaths has been reported.^8-10 In the past decade, however, hypertension control rates have declined, particularly in women. According to a survey conducted in 2016 to 2017, only 58% of adults treated for hypertension were adequately controlled, despite growing evidence and availability of safe and effective antihypertensive agents.⁸

A previous study has assessed hypertension management trends in Canada until 2006, but there is an absence of data since.¹¹ In the past decade, multiple studies were published on hypertension pharmacological treatments, prompting several updates in national hypertension guidelines that should have influenced accordingly prescription profiles. Using a large population-based cohort, we sought to evaluate trends in antihypertensive medication use in regard to national guidelines recommendations in a representative sample of the general population of the province of Quebec from 2009 to 2021.

Methods

Study Design and Population

This retrospective cohort study uses the CARTaGENE database (https://www.cartagene.qc.ca), a population-based survey of 19 996 randomly selected 40- to 69-year-old adults, recruited between 2009 and 2010 from the following 4 metropolitan regions of the province of Quebec (Canada): Montréal, Québec, Sherbrooke, and Saguenay. This biobank was designed to help investigate health determinants using a nationally representative cohort highly comparable to the overall population of Canada.¹² Details regarding its recruitment and data collection processes have been published previously.^12-16 Data from the CARTaGENE biobank were cross-referenced with the governmental health administrative database from the sole provincial health insurance board, the Régie de l’Assurance Maladie du Québec (RAMQ). For the purpose of this study, we only included participants under the public RAMQ medication coverage at the end of follow-up, as medication data are not available for participants with private insurance. In the province of Quebec, all adults aged over 65 years old and those without access to a private insurance are eligible to public medication coverage by the RAMQ. To identify such individuals, we included participants with any RAMQ drug claim within 6 months prior to the administrative end of follow-up (March 31, 2021). The study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the local Ethics Review Board (Comité d’éthique de la recherche du CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, #2017-1358) and follows the STROBE statement for data reporting¹⁷ (see Supplemental Material). Written consent was obtained from all participants at the time of recruitment.

Data Collection

At enrollment, all participants completed standardized questionnaires regarding demographics, medical history, and life habits. Participants were asked to bring all their medications, which were then reviewed by a research nurse. Physical measurements, including body mass index (BMI), BP measurements and electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed. Brachial BP was measured with the Omron 907L device (Omron, Lake Forest, Illinois) in accordance with guidelines recommendations¹⁸ and the average of 3 measurements taken automatically every 2 minutes was recorded. Blood samples were collected to assess the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, using the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] formula¹⁹), lipid profile, and presence of diabetes. Diabetes was defined by either a glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5%, a fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, a non-fasting glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, or the use of a glucose-lowering medication.²⁰ Presence of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart failure) and atrial fibrillation/flutter prior to recruitment and during follow-up were determined using governmental health administrative databases from the RAMQ and the Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) and questionnaires at enrollment. Such databases compile diagnostic codes, procedure codes for ambulatory and inpatient care, data on hospital discharges, and prescribed medication. Electrocardiogram results were also reviewed to identify other participants with atrial fibrillation/flutter.

Blood Pressure Control and Profiles of Antihypertensive Drug Prescriptions

Controlled BP was defined as mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) <140 mm Hg and mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <90 mm Hg in individuals without diabetes, and as mean SBP <130 mm Hg and mean DBP <80 mm Hg in participants with diabetes, as per the Canadian guidelines at the time of enrollment.²¹ We assessed prescription patterns of antihypertensive drugs at the time of participants’ recruitment (2009 to 2010; obtained from the medication list provided by the participant and reviewed by a research nurse) and in the 6 months prior to the last available date (March 31, 2021; from the health administrative database). As most participants were not eligible for public RAMQ medication coverage at the time of enrollment and several subsequently transited from private to public coverage during the 10-year follow-up period, this dual strategy for medication use identification allowed us to be more representative of the natural health coverage cycle in the province of Québec.

Based on the current Canadian and American Hypertension Guidelines (Supplemental Table S1), 6 optimal prescription profiles were assessed between the 2 study periods^22-26:

Monotherapy: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), calcium channel blocker (CCB), or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic as initial therapy.

Two-drug combination: Combination of ACEI/ARB with CCB or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic.

Three-drug combination: Combination of ACEI/ARB, CCB, and thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic.

Four-drug combination: 3-drug combination + spironolactone.

Use of single-pill combinations (SPCs).

Use of long-acting thiazide-like diuretic in preference to thiazide diuretic (chlorthalidone or indapamide).

Other prescription patterns and recommendations that can influence the choice of antihypertensive medication were also taken into consideration. First, ACEI/ARB is considered the most appropriate first-line agents in individuals with diabetes. Second, in contrast to the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), Hypertension Canada suggests beta-blockers may be acceptable as a first-line therapy, but only in individuals aged < 60 years old.

Statistical Analysis

Analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 25. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Continuous variables are presented as means (standard deviations) or median (interquartile range [IQR]) as appropriate and discrete numerical as frequencies (percentages). Antihypertensive drugs were classified according to their pharmacologic class. Data were compared with Pearson’s chi-square test, Student’s t-test, or Mann-Whitney U-test, as appropriate. Results were also stratified by the achievement of the BP target or not (only for baseline visit), sex, and baseline BMI category. In the subset of participants in which health administrative medication claims, data were also available at enrollment, the concordance between the medication list obtained using this method and the medication list retrieved from the CARTaGENE database (from a participant-provided list reviewed by a research nurse) was assessed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient.

As most antihypertensive agents may be prescribed for indications other than to treat high BP, such as in the context of arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and migraines, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to assess prescription patterns after excluding all participants with atrial fibrillation, flutter, acute and chronic ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, any form of heart failure, chronic kidney disease (defined as an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² at baseline or with administrative data), and migraines documented prior to recruitment or at any time during the follow-up period. Furthermore, patients with these conditions may require a different sequence of antihypertensive drugs to treat their condition (eg, use of spironolactone before CCBs or thiazide diuretics).

Results

Of the 19 967 CARTaGENE participants, 17 975 had available BP measurements and prospective data from the health administrative database. Of these participants, 8447 had an RAMQ drug claim within 6 months prior to end of follow-up and were considered covered by the public RAMQ coverage and thus included in the study (Supplemental Figure 1). Median follow-up was 10.1 years (10.7-11.1). Comparison of baseline characteristics between study participants and the overall CARTaGENE cohort is presented in Table 1. Our study cohort had a higher prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease as well as use of statin and aspirin than the overall cohort. In 3751 participants, the medication list was available at baseline both through the patient-provided list at study enrollment and from the medico-administrative health database. In this subset of participants, both lists were concordant in 91.4% with a kappa of 0.857 (P < .001), suggestive of almost perfect agreement.²⁷

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of the Study and the CARTaGENE Cohorts.

Characteristics	Overall CARTaGENE cohort n = 17 967	Study cohort n = 8447	P
Age (years)	53 (48-61)	59 (53-64)	< .001
Women	9135 (50.4)	4533 (53.7)	< .001
White race	16 062 (89.4)	7625 (90.3)	.02
Income < 50 000 CAD per year	6052 (33.4)	3599 (42.6)^a	< .001
High school education or less	4624 (25.5)	2560 (30.3)^a	< .001
BMI (kg/m²)	27.6 ± 5.3	28.0 ± 5.4^a	< .001
Current smoker	3353 (18.8)	1578 (18.7)^a	.85
Diabetes	1632 (9.1)	997 (11.8)	< .001
Self-reported hypertension	4434 (24.7)	2701 (32.0)	< .001
Cardiovascular disease	2524 (14.0)	1586 (18.8)	< .001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	88 ± 15	85 ± 15^a	< .001
Brachial SBP (mm Hg)	124 ± 16	126 ± 16	< .001
Brachial DBP (mm Hg)	74 ± 10	74 ± 10	.58
Heart rate	70 ± 11	70 ±11	.58
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 1.0	5.1 ± 1.1^a	.74
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.4^a	.68
Statin use	3352 (18.7)	2212 (26.2)	< .001
Aspirin use	2600 (14.5)	1733 (20.5)	< .001

Note. Results are presented as number (proportion), median (25th-75th percentiles), or mean ± standard deviation, as appropriate. BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP = systolic blood pressure.

Missing data as follows [n (%)]: income, 655 (7.8%); education, 60 (0.7%); BMI 92, (1.1); smoking, 56 (0.7%); eGFR, 216 (2.6%); total cholesterol, 216 (2.6%); HDL cholesterol, 217 (2.6%).

At the time of enrollment, 2654 (31.4%) of participants received at least 1 antihypertensive drug. Of those receiving antihypertensive drugs, the BP control rate was 75.8% for a target of <140/90 mm Hg and 69.2% when the target of <130/80 mm Hg for individuals with diabetes was taken into consideration. Participants achieving their BP target had a tendency toward a higher likelihood of receiving suboptimal treatment regimens (Supplemental Table S2). At the end of follow-up, the number of participants taking at least 1 antihypertensive drug increased to 4292 (50.8% of the cohort; P < .001 compared to baseline). At the end of follow-up, 62% had an increase of their number of antihypertensive drugs (Supplemental Figure S2).

Distribution of drug classes among participants prescribed at least 1 antihypertensive medication is shown in Figure 1. During both periods, ACEI/ARB was the most used antihypertensive drug class, present in 72.9% of all patients with an antihypertensive drug prescription in 2009 to 2010 and 70.9% in 2021 (P = .07). Calcium channel blocker prescription rates increased to become the second most prescribed drug class at the end of follow-up. Likewise, between the 2 periods, beta-blocker prescription rates increased but those of thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics decreased. Use of specific antihypertensive drug molecules per pharmacologic class is presented in Supplemental Figure S3.

Figure 1.

Distribution of drug classes among participants prescribed at least 1 antihypertensive medication.

In this decade, there were no significant changes in the proportions of participants with optimal mono- or combination therapies for hypertension (Table 2), with optimal 2-, 3- and 4-drug combinations remaining considerably underused. Although use of an ACEI/ARB with a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic decreased, it remained the most commonly prescribed 2-drug combination throughout the study (47.2% vs 35.4%), whereas the combination of an ACEI/ARB with a CCB significantly increased (14.8% vs 26.9%; Supplemental Tables S3 and S4). There was a significant decrease in the prescription of hydrochlorothiazide (90.5% vs 72.3%, P < .001) and consequently a significant increase in the prescription of long-acting thiazide-like diuretics (9.4% vs 27.7%, P < .001), both as SPCs or as standalone medications (Supplemental Table S5). Similar findings were observed in the sensitivity analysis where participants who may have had a clinical indication for antihypertensive agents outside of BP control were excluded (Supplemental Table S6). The only difference was an increase in the use of optimal monotherapy at the end of follow-up. Findings were also similar after stratification for sex and baseline BMI category (Supplemental Tables S7 and S8).

Table 2.

Optimal Profiles of Antihypertensive Drug Prescriptions From 2009 to 2021.

	Overall cohort (n = 17 967)	Study cohort (n = 8447)
	At enrollment (2009-2010)^a	At enrollment (2009-2010)^a	End of follow-up (2021)	P
Monotherapy^b ACEI/ARB or CCB or thiazide	76.6% (1557/2033)	77.9% (964/1238)	79.5% (1480/1861)	.29
Two-drug combination^c Combination of ACEI/ARB with CCB or thiazide	62.1% (893/1438)	62.0% (596/961)	61.4% (898/1462)	.77
Three-drug combination^d Combination of ACEI/ARB with CCB and thiazide	50.8% (359/706)	51.9% (236/455)	46.7% (471/1009)	.066
Four-drug combination^e Spironolactone	9.6% (17/177)	8.3% (9/109)	15.9% (40/252)	.054
Use of SPC^f	47.6% (1021/2144)	47.1% (667/1416)	35.1% (868/2471)	< .001
Use of long-acting thiazide-like diuretic^g	10.9% (172/1571)	9.5% (99/1040)	27.7% (381/1373)	< .001

Note. ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; SPC = single-pill combination.

P > .3 between the study cohort and the entire CARTaGENE cohort at the time of recruitment for all prescription profiles.

The denominators are participants with the following number of antihypertensive drugs.

Only 1.

Only 2.

Three or more.

Four or more.

Two or more.

Any thiazide diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, indapamide).

In participants with diabetes, use of ACEI/ARB as initial therapy marginally decreased from 85.2% (n = 548/643) to 81.5% (n = 1065/1306; P < .001). Among participants taking beta-blockers as monotherapy, 53% (n = 121/230) were aged ≥60 years at the time of recruitment, increasing to 95% (n = 295/311) at the end of follow-up. Moreover, in the sensitivity analysis, rates of beta-blocker monotherapy among participants taking only 1 antihypertensive medication class remained stable from 11.8% (n = 79/668) to 9.1% (n = 100/1103, P = .068) despite a 10-year increase in age. When considering beta-blockers as an optimal first-line therapy only in participants <60 years (as per Hypertension Canada guidelines), use of optimal monotherapy decreased from 86.7% at enrollment to 80.4% at the end of follow-up (P < .001). In the sensitivity analysis excluding patients who may have a clinical indication for any antihypertensive agent outside of BP control, similar findings to the overall analysis are found (from 91.3% at enrollment to 86.7% at the end of follow-up; P = .0022).

Discussion

In this large population-based cohort study, the prevalence of participants with antihypertensive drug prescriptions increased by 20% between 2009 and 2021, reflecting the rise of hypertension with age.^28,29 In both study periods, guideline-recommended monotherapy was applied in most but not all participants, whereas optimal 2-, 3-, and 4-drug combination therapies remained used less frequently in both study periods. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ARB remained the most prescribed antihypertensive drug class, whereas CCB prescriptions significantly increased to become the second most prescribed class in 2021. Although prescriptions of long-acting thiazide diuretics increased, their use remained suboptimal, with the majority of participants still receiving hydrochlorothiazide as a diuretic at the end of follow-up contrary to what is recommended by the guidelines.

Our findings are concordant with data from other countries. Several high-income countries reported prevalence of hypertension between 20% to 38% and 46% to 68% in adults aged between 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years, respectively.^30,31 In a population-based cohort study from the United Kingdom, ACEI (40%) and CCBs (32%) were the most common first-line drugs reported between 2007 and 2018.³² In that period, guideline-recommended first-line therapy was applied in 82% of patients. Likewise, in a US cross-sectional study analyzing national survey data from 2005 to 2016, there was no evidence of changes in the proportions of adults taking antihypertensive monotherapy (40%) and we can extrapolate from published data that optimal first-line therapy was prescribed in 84% of patients between 2013 and 2016.³³ Conversely, in the same period, 2- and 3-drug combination therapies were applied in a significantly lower proportion of patients (60% and 26%, respectively).

Suboptimal use of guideline-recommended lines of therapy may mirror therapeutic inertia in the management of hypertension. Therapeutic inertia is the failure to initiate or intensify treatment when it is clinically indicated.³⁴ It is due, in part, to overestimation of the care provided, use of inappropriate justifications to avoid intensification of therapy, and lack of education on the benefits of achieving therapeutic targets.³⁴ For instance, use of spironolactone for resistant hypertension has not yet been implemented in routine clinical practice, even though there is growing evidence of its efficacy and that it has been accepted by several organizations as the optimal fourth-line agent.^24,26,^35-37 In addition, throughout the study period, a significant proportion of participants on beta-blocker monotherapy aged over 60 years old, increasing to >90% at the end of follow-up. Even in our sensitivity analysis excluding all participants with a potential clinical indication for any antihypertensive agent outside of BP control, most users of beta-blockers as a monotherapy were aged over 60 years old. Several studies have suggested that beta-blockers may be less effective for prevention of stroke and all-cause mortality, primarily in adults aged over 60 years, which led the AHAs to no longer recommend beta-blockers as initial therapy.²⁵,^38-40 Consequently, although Canadian guidelines still recommend their use only in patients <60 years, health practitioners should consider prioritizing other antihypertensive agents as initial therapy in patients without compelling clinical indications.²³ Our data also suggest individuals in whom the BP is below the target are less likely to receive an optimal treatment regimen. However, randomized trials, notably ASCOT-BPLA⁴¹ and ACCOMPLISH,⁴² demonstrated that specific drugs, in combination or not, result in a lower risk of cardiovascular events despite similar achieved BP targets. Therefore, even in individuals meeting their BP target, switching to more optimal antihypertensive agents may be beneficial. Convincing physicians to do so remains a challenge that may need to be further emphasized in the next iterations of the clinical practice guidelines.

Our study has shown a decrease in the use of SPC between 2009 and 2021, which correlated with concurrent decrease in hydrochlorothiazide prescriptions and the rise of dual therapy with a combination of an ACEI/ARB and a CCB. The overwhelming majority of current available SPC sold in Canada and reimbursed by the RAMQ are combinations of ACEI/ARB with a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic, almost exclusively hydrochlorothiazide. In 2009, the ACCOMPLISH trial demonstrated that the combination of an ACEI and a CCB was superior to dual therapy with an ACEI and hydrochlorothiazide in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events even in presence of a similar achieved BP.⁴² Since 2017, guidelines recommend long-acting thiazide-like diuretics in preference to thiazide diuretics.^23,43 It should be noted that a recent trial of US male veterans showed no difference in occurrence of major cardiovascular outcome events in patients who were switched from hydrochlorothiazide to chlorthalidone compared with those remaining on hydrochlorothiazide.⁴⁴ Nevertheless, a major limitation of this study was that the primary comparison was between 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide and 12.5 mg of chlorthalidone, both of which may have been suboptimally dosed to show cardiovascular benefits.^45,46 Finally, intensive BP control often requires combining 2 or more antihypertensive medication classes.^47,48 In this context, SPC regimens have shown to be key factors in BP management and prevention of cardiovascular disease by decreasing pill burden and improving treatment adherence.^49-51

Our study has several strengths. To our knowledge, this is the first Canadian study to comprehensively assess the use of optimal antihypertensive agent profiles in clinical practice in the past decade. Access to the RAMQ drug claims, database allowed accurate and extensive analyses of antihypertensive drug prescriptions. Moreover, our study used the CARTaGENE population–based cohort, which is highly representative of the Canadian population.¹² Important limitations, however, need to be considered. First, the retrospective nature of the study elicits a potential risk of selection bias, by solely including participants who survived until the end of follow-up and who were on the public insurance regimen at the end of follow-up. This selected from the overall cohort a subgroup of participants without private medical coverage and more likely to have comorbid conditions and of lower socio-economic status, which may not be representative of the general population. Nevertheless, prescription profiles in our subgroup were similar to the ones of the overall CARTaGENE cohort at the time of enrollment, suggesting our results may have broader generalizability. Second, we used distinct methods to extract the medication list at enrollment and at the end of follow-up, although in a subset of participant where both types of data were available, the agreement in the medication list was almost perfect. Third, we could not assess if the absence of a specific indication antihypertensive drug class in a participant’s regimen was due to an intolerance or side effects before enrollment or during the follow-up. However, the proportion of participant in which a specific medication is not taken is likely similar for both study periods. Fourth, some participants may have been taking antihypertensive drugs, particularly beta-blockers, for other indications than hypertension. However, our results were highly concordant in a sensitivity analysis excluding participants with potential clinical indication antihypertensive agents outside of BP control. Fifth, as BP measurements were only taken at the time of recruitment, hypertension control could not be assessed at the end of follow-up. Furthermore, hypertension was deemed controlled or not solely based on single series of BP measurement at enrollment. Also, home BP was not measured, which may have help assess BP control rates. Finally, we studied prescriptions of medications, which do not accurately reflect their real use by participants, although all medications needed to be filled out at the pharmacy to be registered in the RAMQ registry and our aim was to assess prescription patterns of antihypertensive medications, not their efficacy.

Conclusions

The implementation of hypertension guidelines for the choice of antihypertensive drugs remains suboptimal in clinical practice, more so when multiple antihypertensive drugs are required. In a decade of declining BP control rates in Canada, our findings highlight the need for education initiatives and emphasis on implementation of evidence-based guidelines to reach BP targets and prevent cardiovascular disease.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581241234729 – Supplemental material for Differences in Antihypertensive Medication Prescription Profiles Between 2009 and 2021: A Retrospective Cohort Study of CARTaGENE

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581241234729 for Differences in Antihypertensive Medication Prescription Profiles Between 2009 and 2021: A Retrospective Cohort Study of CARTaGENE by Victoria Ivensky, Pitchou Zonga, Gabriel Dallaire, Louis-Charles Desbiens, Annie-Claire Nadeau-Fredette, Guy Rousseau and Rémi Goupil in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

R.G. holds a research scholarship from the Fonds de recherche du Québec—Santé and is a recipient of the Société québécoise d’hypertension artérielle—Bourse Jacques-de-Champlain scholarship. A.-C.N.F. holds a research scholarship from the Fonds de recherche du Québec—Santé and is a recipient of the Société québécoise de néphrologie scholarship.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

The study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the local Ethics Review Board (Comité d’éthique de la recherche du CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, #2017-1358). Written consent was obtained from all participants at the time of recruitment.

Consent for Publication

Consent for publication was obtained from all authors.

Availability of Data and Materials

Data is available upon request to CARTaGENE (subject to approval).

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-173313) and the Heart and Stroke Foundation (G-20-0028656).

ORCID iDs

Gabriel Dallaire

Annie-Claire Nadeau-Fredette

Rémi Goupil

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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