Eating disorders and bone health: A missed opportunity?

Call C Walsh BT Attia E . From DSM-IV to DSM-5: changes to eating disorder diagnoses. Eat Disorders 2013; 26(6): 5.

Hoek HW . Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19(4): 389–394.

Compston J Cooper A Cooper C , et al. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos 2017; 24.

Grinspoon S . Prevalence and predictive factors for regional osteopenia in women with anorexia nervosa. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133(10): 790.

Misra M Klibanski A . Anorexia nervosa and bone. J Endocrinol 2014; 221(3): R163–R176.

Lucas AR Melton LJ 3rd Crowson CS , et al. Long-term fracture risk among women with anorexia nervosa: a population-based cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74(10): 972–977.

Estraneo A Magliacano A Fiorenza S , et al. Risk factors for 2-year mortality in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: an international multicentre study. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29(2): 390–399.

NICE . NICE Impact: Falls and fragility fractures. [Internet]. NICE, 2018. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/media/default/about/what-we-do/into-practice/measuring-uptake/nice-impact-falls-and-fragility-fractures.pdf

Fazeli PK Klibanski A . Effects of anorexia nervosa on bone metabolism. Endocr Rev 2018; 39(6): 895–910.

Strokosch GR Friedman AJ Wu SC , et al. Effects of an Oral Contraceptive (Norgestimate/Ethinyl Estradiol) on bone mineral density in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39(6): 819–827.

Munoz M Morande G Garcia-Centenera J , et al. The effects of estrogen administration on bone mineral density in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146(1): 45–50.

Aalberg K Stavem K Norheim F , et al. Effect of oral and transdermal estrogen therapy on bone mineral density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7(3): e001112.

Thavaraputta S Fazeli PK . Estrogen for the treatment of low bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Brain Sci 2022; 7(e220004): 1–12.

Cardim HJP Lopes CMC Giannella-Neto D , et al. The insulin-like growth factor-I system and hormone replacement therapy. Fertil Sterility 2001; 75(2): 282–287.

Kam GYW Leung KC Baxter RC , et al. Estrogens exert route- and dose-dependent effects on Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 and the acid-labile subunit of the IGF ternary complex. 2000;85(5):5.

Misra M Katzman D Miller KK , et al. Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26(10): 2430–2438.

Soyka LA Misra M Frenchman A , et al. Abnormal bone mineral accrual in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(9): 4177–4185.

Miller KK Meenaghan E Lawson EA , et al. Effects of risedronate and low-dose transdermal testosterone on bone mineral density in women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(7): 2081–2088.

NICE . NICE guideline 69 (NG69): Eating disorders: recognition and treatment. [Internet], 2017. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69