Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2019-9
There is increasing evidence to suggest that brain inflammation could play a key role in the aetiology of psychiatric illness. Could inflammation be a cause of the premenstrual syndromes PMS and PMDD?
HantsooLEppersonCN. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Epidemiology and Treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 17. Epub ahead of print 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0628-3.
2.
PuderJJBlumCAMuellerB, et al.
Menstrual cycle symptoms are associated with changes in low-grade inflammation.Eur J Clin Invest2006;
36: 58–64.
3.
LawSDerrySMooreRA. Sumatriptan plus naproxen for the treatment of acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2016. Epub ahead of print 2016. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008541.pub3.
4.
FelgerJCLotrichFE.Inflammatory cytokines in depression: Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Neuroscience2013;
246: 199–229.
5.
Bertone-JohnsonERRonnenbergAGHoughtonSC, et al.
Association of inflammation markers with menstrual symptom severity and premenstrual syndrome in young women.Hum Reprod2014;
29: 1987–1994.
6.
GoldEBWellsCRasorMO.The Association of Inflammation with Premenstrual Symptoms.J Women’s Heal2016;
25: 865–874.
7.
Bertone-JohnsonER.Chronic Inflammation and Premenstrual Syndrome: A Missing Link Found?J Women’s Heal2016;
25: 857–858.
8.
LorenzTKDemasGEHeimanJR.Partnered sexual activity moderates menstrual cycle–related changes in inflammation markers in healthy women: an exploratory observational study.Fertil Steril2017;
107: 763–773.e3.
9.
LorenzTKWorthmanCMVitzthumVJ.Links among inflammation, sexual activity and ovulation: Evolutionary trade-offs and clinical implications.Evol Med Public Heal2015;
2015: 304–324.
10.
MillerAHRaisonCL. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Publ Gr; 16. Epub ahead of print 2016. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.5.
11.
CrowleyTCryanJFDownerEJ, et al.
Inhibiting neuroinflammation: The role and therapeutic potential of GABA in neuro-immune interactions.Brain Behav Immun2016;
54: 260–277.
12.
Prud’hommeGJGlinkaYWangQ.Immunological GABAergic interactions and therapeutic applications in autoimmune diseases.Autoimmun Rev2015;
14: 1048–1056.
13.
WuCQinXDuH, et al.
The immunological function of GABAergic system.Front Biosci (Landmark Ed2017;
22: 1162–1172.
14.
DubeyNHoffmanJSchuebelK, et al. The ESC/E(Z) complex, an effector of response to ovarian steroids, manifests an intrinsic difference in cells from women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Nat Publ Gr2017; 1–13.
15.
OssewaardeLHermansEJvan WingenGA, et al.
Neural mechanisms underlying changes in stress-sensitivity across the menstrual cycle.Psychoneuroendocrinology2010;
35: 47–55.
16.
BackstromTHaageDLofgrenM, et al.
Paradoxical effects of GABA-A modulators may explain sex steroid induced negative mood symptoms in some persons.Neuroscience2011;
191: 46–54.
17.
MartinezPERubinowDRNiemanLK, et al.
5α-Reductase Inhibition Prevents the Luteal Phase Increase in Plasma Allopregnanolone Levels and Mitigates Symptoms in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology2016;
41: 1093–1102.
18.
SchüleCNothdurfterCRupprechtR.The role of allopregnanolone in depression and anxiety.Prog Neurobiol2014;
113: 79–87.
19.
BaliAJaggiAS.Multifunctional aspects of allopregnanolone in stress and related disorders.Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry2014;
48: 64–78.
20.
NoorbakhshFBakerGBPowerC.Allopregnanolone and neuroinflammation: a focus on multiple sclerosis.Front Cell Neurosci2014;
8: 134.
21.
BäckströmTBixoMJohanssonM, et al.
Allopregnanolone and mood disorders.Prog Neurobiol2014;
113: 88–94.
22.
LiuBWangGGaoD, et al.
Alterations of GABA and glutamate–glutamine levels in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging2017;
231: 64–70.
23.
EndeGCackowskiSVan EijkJ, et al.
Impulsivity and Aggression in Female BPD and ADHD Patients: Association with ACC Glutamate and GABA Concentrations.Neuropsychopharmacology2016;
41: 410–418.
24.
SchumacherMMatternCGhoumariA, et al.
Revisiting the roles of progesterone and allopregnanolone in the nervous system: Resurgence of the progesterone receptors.Prog Neurobiol2014;
113: 6–39.
25.
LiuMKelleyMHHersonPS, et al.
Neuroprotection of Sex Steroids.Minerva Endocrinol2010;
35: 127–143.
26.
UchoaMFMoserVAPikeCJ. Interactions between inflammation, sex steroids, and Alzheimer’s disease risk factors. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Epub ahead of print 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.001.
27.
VegetoEBenedusiVMaggiA.Estrogen anti-inflammatory activity in brain: a therapeutic opportunity for menopause and neurodegenerative diseases.Front Neuroendocrinol2008;
29: 507–519.
28.
XuYShengHBaoQ, et al.
NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates estrogen deficiency-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal inflammation in mice.Brain Behav Immun2016;
56: 175–186.
29.
PepeGBragaDRenziTA, et al.
Self-renewal and phenotypic conversion are the main physiological responses of macrophages to the endogenous estrogen surge.Sci Rep2017;
7: 44270.
30.
StaceyWBhaveSUhtRM.Mechanisms by which 17B-Estradiol (E2) Suppress Neuronal cox-2 gene expression.PLoS One2016;
11: 1–16.
31.
HuiL-YWangY-WZhouF-L, et al. Association Between MKP-1, BDNF, and Gonadal Hormones with Depression on Perimenopausal Women. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5214.
32.
CubedduABucciFGianniniA, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma variation during the different phases of the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. Epub ahead of print 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.006.
33.
MarroccoJMcEwenBS.Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences.Dialogues Clin Neurosci2016;
18: 373–383.
34.
SrivastavaDPDWoolfreyKKMPenzesP.Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens.Pharmacol Rev2013;
65: 1318–1350.
35.
AlexanderAIrvingAJHarveyJ.Emerging roles for the novel estrogen-sensing receptor GPER1 in the CNS.Neuropharmacology2017;
113, Part: 652–660.
36.
CunninghamJYonkersKAO’BrienS, et al.
Update on Research and Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.Harv Rev Psychiatry2009;
17: 120–137.
37.
MagosALBrincatMStuddJWW.Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome by subcutaneous estradiol implants and cyclical oral norethisterone: placebo controlled study.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)1986;
292: 1629–1633.
38.
GreenLJO’BrienPMSPanayNCM on behalf of the RC of O and GM of premenstrual syndrome. B 2017;124:e73–e105. Management of Premenstrual Syndrome.Curr Med Res Opin2017;
4: 29–34.
39.
BaleTLEppersonCN.Sex differences and stress across the lifespan.Nat Neurosci2015;
18: 1413–20.
40.
HantsooLEppersonCN.Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Epidemiology and Treatment.Curr Psychiatry Rep2015;
17: 87.
41.
GirdlerSSStranevaPALightKC, et al.
Allopregnanolone levels and reactivity to mental stress in premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Biol Psychiatry2001;
49: 788–797.
42.
KlatzkinRRBuneviciusAFornerisCA, et al.
Menstrual Mood Disorders are Associated with Blunted Sympathetic Reactivity to Stress.J Psychosom Res2014;
76: 46–55.
43.
EvansJSunYMcGregorA, et al.
Allopregnanolone regulates neurogenesis and depressive/anxiety-like behaviour in a social isolation rodent model of chronic stress.Neuropharmacology2012;
63: 1315–1326.
44.
Kroll-DesrosiersARRonnenbergAGZagarinsSE, et al.
Recreational Physical Activity and Premenstrual Syndrome in Young Adult Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.PLoS One2017;
12: e0169728.
45.
PetraAIPanagiotidouSHatziagelakiE, et al.
Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis and Its Effect on Neuropsychiatric Disorders with Suspected Immune Dysregulation.Clin Ther2015;
37: 984–995.
46.
SamuniYGoldsteinSDeanOM, et al.
The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine.Biochim Biophys Acta2013;
1830: 4117–4129.
47.
FanaeiHKhayatSKasaeianA, et al.
Effect of curcumin on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in women with premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Neuropeptides2016;
56: 25–31.
48.
Chocano-BedoyaPOMansonJEHankinsonSE, et al.
Dietary B vitamin intake and incident premenstrual syndrome.Am J Clin Nutr2011;
93: 1080–1086.
49.
ShobeiriFArasteFEEbrahimiR, et al.
Effect of calcium on premenstrual syndrome: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.Obstet Gynecol Sci2017;
60: 100–105.
50.
KhayatSKheirkhahMBehboodi MoghadamZ, et al.
Effect of treatment with ginger on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms.ISRN Obstet Gynecol2014;
2014: 792708.
51.
SohrabiNKashanianMGhafooriSS, et al.
Evaluation of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: ‘a pilot trial’.Complement Ther Med2013;
21: 141–146.
52.
MichopoulosVPowersAGillespieCF, et al.
Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond.Neuropsychopharmacology2017;
42: 254–270.
53.
Meltzer-BrodySColquhounHRiesenbergR, et al.
Brexanolone injection in post-partum depression: two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials.Lancet2018;
392: 1058–1070.
54.
BixoMEkbergKPoromaaIS, et al.
Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with the GABAA receptor modulating steroid antagonist Sepranolone (UC1010)-A randomized controlled trial.Psychoneuroendocrinology2017;
80: 46–55.
55.
TimbyE.Allopregnanolone effects in women: Clinical studies in relation to the menstrual cycle, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and oral contraceptive use. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01435.x.
