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Crawford SL Crandall CJ Derby CA et al . Menopausal hormone therapy trends before versus after 2002: impact of the Women’s Health Initiative study results. Menopause 2018; doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001282.

US Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2017; 318: 2224–2233.

Ravdin PM Cronin KA Howlader N et al . The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. New Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1670–1674.

Roth JA Etzioni R Waters TM et al . Economic return from the Women’s Health Initiative estrogen plus progestin clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 594–602.

Manson JE Bassuk S Shari S et al . Menopausal hormone therapy and national time trends in mortality: cautions regarding causal inference. Menopause 2017; 24: 874–876.

Manson JE Aragaki AK Rossouw JE. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2017; 318: 927–938.

Anderson GL Chlebowski RT Aragaki AK et al . Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 476–486.

Rossouw JE Prentice RL Manson JE et al . Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465–1477.

Vinogradova Y Coupland C Hippisley-Cox J . Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ 2019; 364: k4810.

Bolland M Avenell A Grey A. Should adults take vitamin D supplements to prevent disease? BMJ 2016; 355: i6201.

Preventive Services Task Force US . Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults. JAMA 2018, 319: 1592–1599.

Manson JE Cook NR Lee IM et al . Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 33–44.

Manson JE Cook NR Lee IM et al . Marine n-3 fatty acids and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 23–32.

See https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/904845.

Zheng SL Roddick AJ . Association of aspirin use for primary prevention with cardiovascular events and bleeding events. JAMA 2019; 321: 277–287.

Barker D Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet 1986; 327: 1077–1081.

Wang N Huang Y Wen J et al . Early life exposure to famine and reproductive aging among Chinese women. Menopause 2018; doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001259.