Curiosity is a concept studied particularly in psychology. Today, it is used by practitioners in marketing to support strategies of attractiveness, motivation, or to capture attention. This article proposes a multidisciplinary synthesis of this concept through a bibliometric analysis and a literature review. A conceptual framework is proposed for marketing researchers interested in curiosity, offering a new definition of the concept, its antecedents, and its effects. A research agenda prioritized by practitioners can serve as the basis for future work. Curiosity, traditionally explored in psychology, has found its place in marketing as a means for enhancing appeal, motivation, and attention. This article offers a comprehensive multidisciplinary overview of curiosity by combining bibliometric analysis and literature review. It introduces a new framework for marketing researchers interested in curiosity, presenting a fresh definition, its precursors, and outcomes. It also outlines a research agenda shaped by practitioners to guide future inquiries.
AgarwalRKarahannaE (2000) Time flies when you’re having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information. MIS Quarterly24(4): 665–694.
2.
AinsworthJBallantinePW (2017) Consumers’ cognitive response to website change. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services37: 56–66.
3.
AjzenI (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes50(2): 179–211.
4.
ArnoneMPSmallRVChaunceySAMcKennaHP (2011) Curiosity, interest, and engagement in technology-pervasive learning environments: A new research agenda. Educational Technology Research and Development59(2): 181–198.
5.
AshtonMCLeeK (2007) Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review11(2): 150–166.
6.
AurierP (1991) Variety research: A major concept in marketing theory. Marketing Research and Applications6(1): 85–106.
7.
BaumgartnerHSteenkampJ-BEM (1996) Exploratory consumer buying behavior: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Research in Marketing13(2): 121–137.
8.
BeckM (2015) The contribution of new sales and purchasing aids on consumer attitudes and decision-making. The case of a virtual fitting room in a cross-channel context. PhD Thesis, University of Lille, France.
9.
BeckM (2022) Moderating effects of trait curiosity and self-efficacy in the effect of the online virtual booth on specific curiosity and behavioral intention. Marketing Research and Applications37(2): 33–49.
10.
BeckMCriéD (2018) I virtually try it . . . I want it! Virtual Fitting Room: A tool to increase exploratory behavior, patronage and purchase intentions, both online and offline contexts. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services40(1): 279–286.
11.
BeltonCASugdenR (2018) Attention and novelty: An experimental investigation of order effects in multiple valuation tasks. Journal of Economic Psychology67: 103–115.
12.
Ben Miled ChérifHB (2001) Consumer involvement and its strategic perspectives. Marketing Research and Applications16(1): 65–85.
13.
BerlyneDE (1950) Novelty and curiosity as determinants of exploratory behavior. British Journal of Psychology41(1–2): 68–80.
14.
BerlyneDE (1954) A theory of human curiosity. British Journal of Psychology45(3): 180–191.
15.
BerlyneDE (1960) Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity. New York: University of McGraw-Hill Press.
16.
BerlyneDE (1971) Aesthetics and Psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
17.
BlumenbergH (1983) The Legitimacy of the Modern Age. Cambridge: MIT Press.
18.
BrownSHackleyCHuntSDMarshCO’ShaughnessyNPhillipsBJTonksDMilesCNilssonT (2018) Marketing (as) Rhetoric: Paradigms, provocations, and perspectives. Journal of Marketing Management34(15–16): 1336–1378.
19.
CacioppoJTPettyRE (1982) The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology42(1): 116–131.
20.
CamererC-FLoewensteinGRabinM (2004) Advances in Behavioral Economics. Princeton, NJ: University Press.
21.
CarùACovaB (2003) Approche empirique de l’immersion dans l’expérience de consommation: les opérations d’appropriation. Marketing Research and Applications18(2): 47–65.
22.
CharfiAA (2012) The online immersion experience in virtual reality shopping environments. Phd Thesis, University Paris Dauphine.
23.
ChildersTL (1986) Assessment of the psychometric properties of an opinion leadership scale. Journal of Marketing Research23(2): 184–188.
24.
ChurchillGAJr (1979) A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research16(1): 64–73.
25.
CochoyF (2011) Sociology of a “Curiositive.” Smartphone, 2D Barcode and Self-marketing. Lormont: Le Bord de l’eau.
26.
CollinsRPLitmanJASpielbergerCD (2004) The measurement of perceptual curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences36(5): 1127–1141.
27.
DaumeJHüttl-MaackV (2020) Curiosity-inducing advertising: How positive emotions and expectations drive the effect of curiosity on consumer evaluations of products. International Journal of Advertising39(2): 307–328.
28.
DayGS (1971) Attitude change, media and word of mouth. Journal of Advertising Research11(6): 31–40.
29.
DayHI (1969) A progress report on the development of a test of curiosity. In: National seminar on adult education research, Toronto, ON, Canada, 9–11February.
30.
DeCharmsR (1968) Personal Causation. New York: Academic Press.
31.
DeciEL (1975) Intrinsic Motivation. New York: Plenum.
32.
DeciERyanRM (1985) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
33.
DerbaixCPhamMT (1989) Pour un développement des mesures de l’affectif en marketing : synthèse des prérequis. Recherche et Applications en Marketing4(4): 71–87.
34.
DonthuNKumarSMukherjeeDPandeyNLimWM (2021) How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research133: 285–296.
35.
DodooNAYounS (2021) Snapping and chatting away: Consumer motivations for and outcomes of interacting with Snapchat AR ad lens. Telematics and Informatics57: 101514.
36.
DubeyRGriffithsTL (2020) Reconciling novelty and complexity through a rational analysis of curiosity. Psychological Review127(3): 455.
37.
DunhamRB (1976) The measurement and dimensionality of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology61: 404–409.
38.
El AbedMLemoineJ-F (2017) Understanding the use of connected devices in smart retailing: A vendor approach. In:20th Colloque Etienne Thil, Roubaix, 12–13October.
39.
EtkinJRatnerRK (2012) The dynamic impact of variety among means on motivation. Journal of Consumer Research38(6): 1076–1092.
40.
FedorenkoIBerthonPEdelmanL (2020) Hide and uncover: The use of secrets in marketing. Journal of Marketing Management36(7-8): 682–704.
41.
FenouilletF (2003) Motivation, mémoire et pédagogie. Paris: L’Harmattan.
42.
ForsterJLibermanNShapiraO (2009) Preparing for novel versus familiar events: Shifts in global and local processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology138(3): 383–399.
43.
ForsytheSMBaileyAW (1996) Shopping enjoyment, perceived time poverty, and time spent shopping. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal14(3): 185–191.
44.
FrisouJ (2000) Interpersonal trust and commitment: A behaviourist reorientation. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition)15(1): 63–80.
45.
GaoLBaiX (2014) Online consumer behaviour and its relationship to website atmospheric induced flow: Insights into online travel agencies in China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services21(4): 653–665.
46.
GerrathMHBiragliaA (2021) How less congruent new products drive brand engagement: The role of curiosity. Journal of Business Research127: 13–24.
GruberMJGelmanBDRanganathC (2014) States of curiosity modulate hippocampus-dependent learning via the dopaminergic circuit. Neuron84(2): 486–496.
49.
HillKMFombellePWSirianniNJ (2016) Shopping under the influence of curiosity: How retailers use mystery to drive purchase motivation. Journal of Business Research69(3): 1028–1034.
50.
HoJYDempseyM (2010) Viral marketing: Motivations to forward online content. Journal of Business Research63(9–10): 1000–1006.
51.
HoffmanDLNovakTP (1996) Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing60(3): 50–68.
52.
HoffmanDLNovakTP (2009) Flow online: Lessons learned and future prospects. Journal of Interactive Marketing23(1): 23–34.
53.
HoffmanDLNovakTPYungY (2000) Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach. Marketing Science19(1): 22–42.
54.
HovlandCIJanisILKelleyHH (1953) Communication and Persuasion; Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
55.
HseeCKRuanB (2016) The pandora effect: The power and peril of curiosity. Psychological Science27(5): 659–666.
56.
HseeCKRuanB (2020) Curiosity and its implications for consumer behavior in continuing to broaden the marketing concept. Review of Marketing Research17: 223–239.
57.
HunterJAAbrahamEHHunterAGGoldbergLCEastwoodJD (2016) Personality and boredom proneness in the prediction of creativity and curiosity. Thinking Skills and Creativity22: 48–57.
58.
Ibáñez-SánchezSOrusCFlavianC (2022) Augmented reality filters on social media. Analyzing the drivers of playability based on uses and gratifications theory. Psychology & Marketing39(3): 559–578.
59.
IsikmanEMacInnisDJÜlkümenGCavanaughLA (2016) The effects of curiosity-evoking events on activity enjoyment. Journal of Experimental Psychology22(3): 319.
60.
IzardCE (1977) Human Emotions. New York: Plenum.
61.
JaakkolaE (2020) Designing conceptual articles: Four approaches. AMS Review(10): 18–26.
JamesW (1890) The Principles of Psychology. New-York: Henri Holt and Company.
64.
KanekoMOzakiYHorikeK (2018) Curiosity about a positive or negative event prolongs the duration of emotional experience. Cognition and Emotion32(3): 600–607.
65.
KashdanTBFinchamFD (2002) Facilitating creativity by regulating curiosity: Comment. American Psychologist57(5): 373–374.
66.
KashdanTBSilviaPJ (2009) Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. In: SnyderCRLopezSJ (eds) Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2nd ed.New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 367–374.
67.
KashdanTBStegerMF (2007) Curiosity and pathways to well-being and meaning in life: Traits, states, and everyday behaviors. Motivation and Emotion31: 159–173.
68.
KashdanTBDe WallCNPondRSJrSilviaPJLambertNMFinchamFDSavostyanovaAAKellerPS (2012) Curiosity protects against interpersonal aggression: Cross-sectional, daily process, and behavioral evidence. Journal of Personality81: 87–102.
69.
KashdanTBDisabatoDJGoodmanFRMcKnightPE (2020) The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer subscales while separating overt and covert social curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences157: 109836.
70.
KashdanTBDisabatoDJGoodmanFRNaughtonC (2018) The five dimensions of curiosity. Harvard Business Review96(5): 58–60.
71.
KashdanTBRosePFinchamFD (2004) Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment82(3): 291–305.
72.
KiddCHaydenBY (2015) The psychology and neuroscience of curiosity. Neuron88(3): 449–460.
73.
KimSChenRPZhangK (2016) Anthropomorphized helpers undermine autonomy and enjoyment in computer games. Journal of Consumer Research43(2): 282–302.
74.
KooDMJuSH (2010) The interactional effects of atmospherics and perceptual curiosity on emotions and online shopping intention. Computers in Human Behavior26(3): 377–388.
75.
KotlerPSetiawanIKartajayHVandercammenM (2017) Marketing 4.0: le passage au digital. Paris: De Boeck Superieur.
76.
KrappA (1999) Interest, motivation and learning: An educational-psychological perspective. European Journal of Psychology of Education14(1): 23–40.
77.
LangevinR (1971) Is curiosity a unitary construct?Canadian Journal of Psychology25(4): 360–374.
78.
LaurentGKapfererJN (1986) Les profils d’’implication. Marketing Research and Applications1(1): 41–57.
79.
LazarusRS (1991) Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist46(4): 352–367.
80.
LeeH-HKimJFioreAM (2010) Affective and cognitive online shopping experience. Effects of image interactivity technology and experimenting with appearance. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal28(2): 140–154.
81.
LeeYHQiuC (2009) When uncertainty brings pleasure: The role of prospect imageability and mental imagery. Journal of Consumer Research36(4): 624–633.
82.
LengletFGiannelloniJL (2004) Analyse structurelle du statut théorique de trois comportements exploratoires: l’innovativité, la tendance à la recherche de variété, et l’attrait pour le Saint-Malorisque. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of the French Marketing Association, May.
83.
LitmanJA (2005) Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: Wanting and liking new information. Cognition and Emotion19(6): 793–814.
84.
LitmanJA (2008) Interest and deprivation factors of epistemic curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences44(7): 1585–1595.
85.
LitmanJAJimersonTL (2004) The measurement of curiosity as a feeling of deprivation. Journal of Personality Assessment82(2): 147–157.
86.
LitmanJASilviaPJ (2006) The latent structure of trait curiosity: Evidence for interest and deprivation curiosity dimensions. Journal of Personality Assessment86(3): 318–328.
87.
LitmanJASpielbergerCD (2003) Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components. Journal of Personality Assessment80(1): 75–86.
88.
LoewensteinG (1994) The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin116(1): 75–98.
89.
LoewensteinG (2000) Emotions in economic theory and economic behavior. American Economic Review90(2): 426–432.
90.
LunardoRSaintivesC (2019) How does autonomy make an experience enjoyable? The roles of risk perception and personal control. Marketing Research and Applications35(1): 45–64.
91.
MacAlisterLPessemierE (1982) Variety seeking behavior: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Consumer Research9(3): 311–322.
92.
MacInnisDJParkCW (1991) The differential role of characteristics of music on high-and low-involvement consumers’ processing of ads. Journal of Consumer Research18(2): 161–173.
93.
McCraeRR (1996) Social consequences of experiential openness. Psychological Bulletin120: 323–337.
94.
MacInnisDJMoormanCJaworskiBJ (1991) Enhancing and measuring consumers’ motivation, opportunity, and ability to process brand information from ads. Journal of Marketing55(4): 32–53.
95.
ManerJKGerendMA (2007) Motivationally selective risk judgments: Do fear and curiosity boost the boons or the banes?Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes103(2): 256–267.
96.
ManisKTChoiD (2019) The virtual reality hardware acceptance model (VR-HAM): Extending and individuating the technology acceptance model (TAM) for virtual reality hardware. Journal of Business Research100: 503–513.
MarvinCBShohamyD (2016) Curiosity and reward: Valence predicts choice and information prediction errors enhance learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General145(3): 266–272.
99.
MathwickCRigdonE (2004) Play, flow, and the online search experience. Journal of Consumer Research31(2): 324–332.
100.
MendelG (1965) Children’s preferences for differing degrees of novelty. Child Development36(2): 453–465.
101.
MenonSSomanD (2002) Managing the power of curiosity for effective web advertising strategies. Journal of Advertising31(3): 1–14.
102.
Mercanti-GuérinM (2008) Consumer perception of a creative ad: Construction and validation of a measurement scale. Marketing Research and Applications23(4): 97–119.
103.
MillerNE (1948) Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology38(1): 89–101.
104.
MitchellV (1999) Consumer perceived risk: Conceptualizations and technology risk. European Journal of Marketing33(1): 163–195.
105.
Müller-StewensJSchlagerTHäublGHerrmannA (2017) Gamified information presentation and consumer adoption of product innovations. Journal of Marketing81(2): 8–24.
106.
OkazakiSNavarroAMukherjiPPlanggerK (2019) The curious versus the overwhelmed: Factors influencing QR codes scan intention. Journal of Business Research99: 498–506.
107.
OlneyTJHolbrookMBBatraR (1991) Consumer responses to advertising: The effects of ad content, emotions, and attitude toward the ad on viewing time. Journal of Consumer Research17(4): 440–453.
108.
OlsonJCToyDRDoverPA (1982) Do cognitive responses mediate the effects of advertising content on cognitive structure?Journal of Consumer Research9(3): 245–262.
109.
Özçağlar-ToulouseN (2021) Marketing research and applications at the heart of transformations in the research world. Marketing Research and Applications36(4): 83–92.
110.
OzkaraBYOzmenMKimJW (2017) Examining the effect of flow experience on online purchase: A novel approach to the flow theory based on hedonic and utilitarian value. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services37: 119–131.
111.
PavlovIP (1927) Conditional Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
112.
PearsonPH (1970) Relationships between global and specified measures of novelty seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology34(2): 199–204.
113.
PolmanERuttanRLPeckJ (2016) Using curiosity to increase the choice of “should” options. Working paper.
114.
PosnockR (1991) The Trial of Curiosity: Henry James, William James, and the Challenge of modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
115.
ReeveMJ (1994) Motivación y Emoción. Madrid: Mc Graw Hill.
116.
RothschildML (1984) Perspectives on involvement current problems and future directions. In: KinnearT (ed.) Advances in Consumer Research. Ann Arbor MI: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 216–217.
117.
RotterJB (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied80(1): 1–28.
118.
RuanBHseeCKLuZY (2018) The teasing effect: An underappreciated benefit of creating and resolving an uncertainty. Journal of Marketing Research55(4): 556–570.
119.
SalernoA (2009) The creative consumer experience: The role of motivational orientation in creative leisure activity. Marketing Research and Application24(1): 69–92.
120.
SansoneCSmithJL (2000) The “how” of goal pursuit: Interest and self-regulation. Psychological Inquiry11(4): 306–309.
121.
ScarpiD (2012) Work and fun on the internet: The effects of utilitarianism and hedonism online. Journal of Interactive Marketing26(1): 53–67.
122.
SchwartzB (2003) The Paradox of Choice, Why More Is Less. New York: HarperCollins.
123.
Séré de LanauzeG (2015) L’adoption d’un produit alimentaire nouveau face à des freins culturels forts: le cas de l’entomophagie en France. Décisions Marketing79: 15–33.
124.
ShenLFishbachAHseeCK (2015) The motivating-uncertainty effect: Uncertainty increases resource investment in the process of reward pursuit. Journal of Consumer Research41(5): 1301–1315.
125.
ShinELeeJE (2021) What makes consumers purchase apparel products through social shopping services that social media fashion influencers have worn?Journal of Business Research132: 416–428.
126.
ShohamAPesämaaO (2013) Gadget loving: a test of an integrative model. Psychology & Marketing30(3): 247–262.
127.
SilviaPJ (2005) What is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest. Emotion5(1): 89–102.
128.
SilviaPJ (2008) Interest-The curious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science17(1): 57–60.
129.
SilviaPJKashdanTB (2009) Interesting things and curious people: Exploration and engagement as transient states and enduring strengths. Social and Personality Psychology Compass3(5): 785–797.
130.
SimonH (1955) A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics69(1): 99–118.
131.
SmithRESwinyardWR (1988) Cognitive response to advertising and trial: Belief strength, belief confidence and product curiosity. Journal of Advertising17(3): 3–14.
132.
SmithREChenJYangX (2008) The impact of advertising creativity on the hierarchy of effects. Journal of Advertising37(4): 47–62.
133.
SpielbergerCD (1979) State-trait Personality Inventory. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Florida.
134.
SpielbergerCDStarrLM (1994) Curiosity and exploratory behavior. In: O’NeilHF Jr.DrillingsM (eds) Motivation: Theory and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 221–243.
135.
SteenkampJ-BEMBaumgartnerH (1992) The role of optimum stimulation level in exploratory consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research19(3): 434–448.
136.
StoneF (2015) Curiosity in Advertising: Teasing or Pleasing? Master’s thesis, University of Leiden.
137.
StormCStormT (1987) A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology53(4): 805–813.
138.
SubbotskyE (2010) Curiosity and exploratory behaviour towards possible and impossible events in children and adults. British Journal of Psychology101(3): 481–501.
139.
SujanM (1985) Consumer knowledge: Effects on evaluation strategies mediating consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer Research12(1): 31–46.
140.
SutherlandJDukeLAbernethyA (2004) A model of marketing information flow: what creatives obtain nd want to know from clients. Journal of Advertising33(4): 39–52.
141.
TanYCChandukalaSRReddySK (2022) Augmented reality in retail and its impact on sales. Journal of Marketing86(1): 48–66.
142.
TellisGJ (1997) Effective frequency: One exposure or three factors?Journal of Advertising Research37: 75–80.
143.
ThomasVLVinualesG (2017) Understanding the role of social influence in piquing curiosity and influencing attitudes and behaviors in a social network environment. Psychology & Marketing34(9): 884–893.
TurnerSAJrSilviaPJ (2006) Must interesting things be pleasant? A test of competing appraisal structures. Emotion6(4): 670–674.
146.
Valette-FlorenceP (1989) Conceptualization and measurement of involvement. Marketing Research and Applications4(1): 57–78.
147.
Van DijkEZeelenbergM (2007) When curiosity killed regret: Avoiding or seeking the unknown in decision-making under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology43(4): 656–662.
148.
VanhammeJ (2001) L’influence de la surprise sur la satisfaction des consommateurs-étude exploratoire par journal de bord. Marketing Research and Applications16(2): 1–31.
149.
VolleP (1995) The concept of perceived risk in consumer psychology: Antecedents and theoretical status. Marketing Research and Applications10(1): 39–56.
150.
WagstaffMFFloresGLAhmedRVillanuevaS (2021) Measures of curiosity: A literature review. Human Resource Development Quarterly32: 363–389.
151.
WangCHuangY (2017) “I want to know the answer! Give me fish ‘n’ chips!”: The impact of curiosity on indulgent choice. Journal of Consumer Research44(5): 1052–1067.
152.
WatermanAS (2005) When effort is enjoyed: Two studies of intrinsic motivation for personally salient activities. Motivation and Emotion29(3): 165–188.
153.
WebsterDMKruglanskiAW (1997) Cognitive and social consequences of the need for cognitive closure. European Review of Social Psychology8(1): 133–173.
154.
WebsterJTrevinoLKRyanL (1993) The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior9(4): 411–426.
155.
WeiZDouWJiangQGuC (2021) Influence of incentive frames on offline-to-online interaction of outdoor advertising. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services58: 102282.
156.
WestbrookRAOliverRL (1991) The dimensionality of consumption emotion patterns and consumer satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research18(1): 84–91.
157.
WhiteRW (1959) Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review66: 297–333.
158.
WindahlC (2017) Market sense-making in design practice: exploring curiosity, creativity and courage. Journal of Marketing Management33(3-4): 280–291.
159.
WrightPL (1973) The cognitive processes mediating acceptance of advertising. Journal of Marketing Research10(1): 53–62.
160.
WrightSAClarksonJJKardesFR (2018) Circumventing resistance to novel information: Piquing curiosity through strategic information revelation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology76(2): 81–87.
161.
YangSCarlsonJRChenS (2020) How augmented reality affects advertising effectiveness: The mediating effects of curiosity and attention toward the ad. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services54: 102020.
162.
ZhongXLiuPGeorganasNDBoulangerP (2003) Designing a vision-based collaborative augmented reality application for industrial training. It-information Technology45(1): 7–19.
163.
ZuckermanM (1994) Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
