Our study investigates the effects of pro versus anti-gambling messages funded by the gambling industry. Paradoxically, our results show that anti-gambling ads funded by the gambling industry enhance gambling intent as do pro-gambling ads. We propose some suggestions related to the ways this finding should guide public policies.
AgostinelliGGrubeJW (2002) Alcohol counter-advertising and the media: A review of recent research. Alcohol Research & Health26(1): 15–21.
2.
AmeyB (2001) People’s participation in and attitudes to gaming, 1985–2000. Research report, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand, June.
3.
AtkinCSmithSBangHK (1994) How young viewers respond to televised drinking and driving messages. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving10(3–4): 263–275.
4.
BaumeisterRFBratslavskyEFinkenauerC. (2001) Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology5: 323–370.
5.
BindeP (2007) Selling dreams – Causing nightmares? On gambling advertising and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Issues20: 167–192.
6.
BindeP (2009) Exploring the impact of gambling advertising: An interview study of problem gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction7(4): 541–554.
7.
BlaszczynskiAPNowerL (2002) A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction97(5): 487–499.
8.
BlochPHRidgwayNMDawsonSA (1994) The shopping mall as consumer habitat. Journal of Retailing70(1): 23–42.
9.
BrownSPStaymanDM (1992) Antecedents and consequences of attitude toward the ad: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Research19: 34–51.
10.
BushmanBJStackAD (1996) Forbidden fruit versus tainted fruit: Effects of warning labels on attraction to television violence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied2(3): 207–226.
ChristensonP (1992) The effects of parental advisory labels on adolescent music preferences. Journal of Communication42: 106–113.
13.
CrowleyAEHoyerWD (1994) An integrative framework for understanding two-sided persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research20: 561–574.
14.
CurrieSRHodginsDCCaseyDM. (2012) Examining the predictive validity of low-risk gambling limits with longitudinal data. Addiction107(2): 400–406.
15.
DerevenskyJAlissaSGuptaR. (2010) An empirical study examining the impact of gambling advertisements on adolescent gambling attitudes and behaviors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction8(1): 21–34.
16.
FarrellyMCHealtonCGDavisKC. (2002) Getting to the truth: Evaluating national tobacco countermarketing campaigns. American Journal of Public Health92(6): 901–907.
17.
GolmierIChebatJCGélinas-ChebatC (2007) Can cigarette warnings counterbalance effects of smoking scenes in movies?Psychological Reports100: 3–18.
18.
GrantJEKimSW (2001) Demographic and clinical features of 131 adult pathological gamblers. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry62(12): 957–962.
19.
GriffithsMD (2005) Does gambling advertising contribute to problem gambling?International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction3: 15–25.
20.
HairJFAndersonRETathamRL. (1992) Multivariate Data Analysis. New York: Macmillan.
21.
KornDHursonTReynoldsJ (2003) Commercial gambling advertising: Possible impact on youth knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavioural intentions. Research report, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, ON, Canada.
22.
LeeHSLemanskiJLJunJW (2008) Role of gambling media exposure in influencing trajectories among college students. Journal of Gambling Studies24(1): 25–37.
23.
LemarieLChebatJC (2013) Resist or comply: Promoting responsible gambling among youth. Journal of Business Research66(1): 137–140.
McMullanJLMillerD (2009) Wins, winning and winners: The commercial advertising of lottery gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies3(25): 273–295.
26.
MizerskiDMizerskiK (2001) The effect and implications for a stochastic pattern of lotto game play. International Gambling Studies1: 132–149.
27.
MizerskiDMillerRMizerskiK. (2004) The stochastic nature of purchasing a state’s lottery products. Australasian Marketing Journal12(3): 56–69.
28.
MonaghanSDerevenskyJSklarA (2008) Impact of gambling advertisements and marketing on children and adolescents: Policy recommendations to minimise harm. Journal of Gambling Issues22: 252–274.
29.
MooreSMOhtsukaK (1997) Gambling activities of young Australians: Developing a model of behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies13(3): 207–236.
30.
OrfordJGriffithsMWardleH. (2009) Negative public attitudes towards gambling: Findings from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey using a new attitude scale. International Gambling Studies9: 39–54.
31.
PechmannCKnightSJ (2002) An experimental investigation of the joint effects of advertising and peers on adolescents’ beliefs and intentions about cigarette consumption. Journal of Consumer Research29: 5–19.
32.
PreacherKJHayesAF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models, behavior research methods. Instruments and Computers36(4): 717–731.
33.
RuckerDDPettyREBrinolP (2008) What’s in a frame anyway? A meta-cognitive analysis of one versus two sided message framing on attitude certainty. Journal of Consumer Psychology18: 137–149.
34.
ShapiroS (1999) When an ad’s influence is beyond our conscious control: Perceptual and conceptual fluency effects caused by incidental ad exposure. Journal of Consumer Research26: 16–36.
35.
SklarADerevenskyJ (2011) Way to play: Analyzing gambling ads for their appeal to underage youth. Canadian Journal of Communication35(4): 533–554.
36.
StaymanDMBatraR (1991) Encoding and retrieval of ad affect in memory. Journal of Marketing Research28(2): 232–239.
37.
SteadMGordonRAngusK. (2007) A systematic review of social marketing effectiveness. Health Education107(2): 126–191.
38.
The Economist (2010) You bet. Attempts to ban online gaming are doomed to fail. Better to legalise, tax and regulate the habit, 8July. Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/16539402 (accessed 5 November 2011).
39.
WoodRTWilliamsRJ (2009) Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and policy options. Research report, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, ON, Canada.
40.
WrightKB (2005) Researching Internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication10(3): 00.
41.
ZhangP (2004) Over- or under-advertising by state lotteries. PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
42.
ZhaoXLynchJGJrChenQ (2010) Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research37: 197–206.
