Most prior studies obtained that a congruent sponsorship leads to higher sponsor awareness. The experiment conducted here shows that a brand is better identified following an incongruent sponsorship. Moreover, when the opportunity to process the sponsorship is low, the competitors of incongruent sponsors are also harder to identify.
AlbaJWHutchinsonJWLynchJG (1991) Memory and decision making. In: RobertsonTSKassarjianHH (eds) Handbook of Consumer Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp.1–49.
2.
BowerGH (1998) An associative theory of implicit and explicit memory. In: ConwayMAGathercoleSECornoldiC (eds) Theories of Memory II. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, pp.25–60.
3.
BowersJSSchacterDL (1990) Implicit memory and test awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition16(3): 404–416.
4.
BuchnerAWippichW (2000) On the reliability of implicit and explicit memory measures. Cognitive Psychology40(3): 227–259.
5.
CabezaROhtaN (1993) Dissociating conceptual priming, perceptual priming and explicit memory. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology5(1): 35–53.
6.
CohenJ (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7.
CornwellTBHumphreysMSMaguireAMWeeksCSTellegenCL (2006) Sponsorship-linked marketing: The role of articulation in memory. Journal of Consumer Research33(3): 312–321.
8.
CrockerJFiskeSTTaylorSE (1984) Schematic bases of belief change. In: EiserJR (ed.) Attitudinal judgment. New York: Springer, pp.197–226.
9.
d’YdewalleGTamsinF (1993) On the visual processing and memory of incidental information: Advertising panel in soccer games. In: BroganDGaleACarrK (eds) Visual Search 2. London: Taylor and Francis: 401–408.
10.
FerraroRBettmanJRChartrandTL (2009) The power of strangers: The effect of incidental consumer brand encounters on brand choice. Journal of Consumer Research35(5): 729–741.
11.
FleckNMailleV (2010) Trente ans de travaux contradictoires sur l’influence de la congruence perçue par le consommateur. Recherche et Applications en Marketing25(4): 69–92.
12.
FleckNQuesterP (2007) Birds of a feather flock together … Definition, role and measure of congruence: An application to sponsorship. Psychology and Marketing24(11): 975–1000.
13.
GilbertDTHixonJG (1991) The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology60(4): 509–517.
14.
GrohsRWagnerUVseteckaS (2004) Assessing the effectiveness of sport sponsorships – an empirical examination. Schmalenbach Business Review56(2): 119–138.
15.
GwinnerKPEatonJ (1999) Building brand image through event sponsorship: The role of image transfer. Journal of Advertising28(4): 47–57.
16.
HecklerSEChildersTL (1992) The role of expectancy and relevancy in memory for verbal and visual information: What is incongruency?Journal of Consumer Research18(4): 475–492.
17.
HerrmannJLWalliserBKachaM (2011a) Le contrôle des effets du parrainage sur l’audience: l’intérêt des mesures implicites de restitution mémorielle. Décisions Marketing62: 7–18.
18.
HerrmannJLWalliserBKachaM (2011b) Consumer consideration of sponsor brands they do not recall: Taking a wider look at memorization effects of sponsorship. International Journal of Advertising30(2): 259–281.
JacobyLLDallasM (1981) On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General110(3): 306–340.
21.
JagreEWatsonJJWatsonJG (2001) Sponsorship and congruity theory: A theoretical framework for explaining consumer attitude and recall of event sponsorship. In: GillyMCMeyers-LevyJ (eds) Advances in Consumer Research, 28: 439–445.
22.
JoharGVPhamMT (1999) Relatedness, prominence, and constructive sponsor identification. Journal of Marketing Research36(3): 299–312.
23.
JoharGVPhamMTWakefieldKL (2006) How event sponsors are really identified: A (baseball) field analysis. Journal of Advertising Research46(2): 183–198.
24.
JohnstonWAHawleyKJ (1994) Perceptual inhibition of expected inputs: The key that opens closed minds. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review1(1): 56–72.
25.
KotlerPKellerK (2012) Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
26.
LardinoitTDerbaixC (2001) Sponsorship and recall of sponsors. Psychology and Marketing18(2): 167–190.
27.
LeeAY (2002) Effect of implicit memory on memory-based versus stimulus-based brand choice. Journal of Marketing Research39(4): 440–454.
28.
LeeALabrooAA (2004) The effect of conceptual and perceptual fluency on brand evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research41(2): 151–165.
29.
MacInnisDJMoormanCJaworskiBJ (1991) Enhancing and mesuring consumers’ motivation, opportunity, and ability to process brand information from ads. Journal of Marketing55(2): 32–53.
30.
MailleVFleckN (2011) Congruence perçue par le consommateur: vers une clarification du concept, de sa formation et de sa mesure. Recherche et Applications en Marketing26(2): 77–111.
31.
McDanielSR (1999) An investigation of match-up effects in sport sponsorship advertising: The implication of consumer advertising schemas, Psychology and Marketing16(2): 163–184.
32.
MulliganNW (1997) Attention and implicit memory: The effects of varying attentional load on conceptual priming. Memory and Cognition25(1): 11–17.
33.
MulliganNW (1998) The role of attention during encoding in implicit and explicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition24(1): 27–47.
34.
OlsonELThjømøeHM (2009) Sponsorship effect metric: Assessing the financial value of sponsoring by comparisons to television advertising. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science37(4): 504–515.
35.
PageMCBraverSLMackinnonDP (2003) Levine’s Guide to SPSS for Analysis of Variance. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
36.
QuesterPFarrellyF (1998) Brand association and memory decay effects of sponsorship: The case of the Australian formula one grand prix. Journal of Product and Brand Management7(6): 539–556.
37.
Richardson-KlavehnABjorkRA (1988) Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology39: 475–543.
38.
Richardson-KlavehnALeeMGJoubranRBjorkRA (1994) Intention and awareness in perceptual identification priming. Memory and Cognition22(3): 293–312.
39.
RifonNJChoiSMTrimbleCSLiH (2004) Congruence effects in sponsorship. Journal of Advertising33(1): 29–42.
40.
RodgersS (2004) The effects of sponsor relevance on consumer reactions to internet sponsorships. Journal of Advertising32(4): 67–76.
41.
RodgersSBaeJ (2005) The mediating effect of inferred sponsor motive on corporate credibility: When high congruity sponsorships fail. In: LaFerleC (ed.) American Academy of Advertising Conference Proceeding. Pullman, WA: American Academy of Advertising, p.127.
42.
RoedigerHL (1990) Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist45(9): 1043–1056.
43.
SchacterDL (1987) Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition13(3): 501–518.
44.
ShermanJWFrostLA (2000) On the encoding of stereotype-relevant information under cognitive load. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin26(1): 26–34.
45.
ShermanJWConreyFRGroomCJ (2004) Encoding flexibility revisited: Evidence for enhanced encoding of stereotype-inconsistent information under cognitive load. Social Cognition22(2): 214–232.
46.
ShermanJWLeeAYBessenoffGRFrostLA (1998) Stereotype efficiency reconsidered: Encoding flexibility under cognitive load. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology75(3): 589–606.
47.
SimmonsCJBecker-OlsenK (2006) Achieving marketing objectives through social sponsorships. Journal of Marketing70(4): 154–169.
48.
SlomanSAHaymanCGOhtaNLawJ (1988) Forgetting in primed fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition14(2): 223–239.
49.
SpeedRThompsonP (2000) Determinants of sports sponsorhip response. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science28(2): 226–238.
50.
SrullTK (1981) Person memory: Some tests of associate storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory7(6): 440–463.
51.
StangorCMcMillanD (1992) Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin111(1): 42–61.
52.
StrazzieriA (1994) Mesurer l’implication durable vis-à-vis d’un produit indépendamment du risque perçu. Recherche et Applications en Marketing9(1): 73–91.
53.
TaylorSECrockerJ (1981) Schematic bases of social information processing. In: HigginsETHermanCPZannaMP (eds) Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp.89–134.
54.
TrendelOWarlopL (2005) Présentation et applications des mesures implicites de restitution mémorielle en marketing. Recherche et Applications en Marketing20(2): 77–104.
55.
Von HippelWJonidesJHiltonJLNarayanS (1993) Inhibitory effect of schematic processing on perceptual encoding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology64(6): 921–935.
56.
WakefieldKLBecker-OlsenKCornwellTB (2007) I spy a sponsor. Journal of Advertising, 36(4): 61–74.
57.
WalliserB (1996) Le rôle de l’intensité des émotions éprouvées par le téléspectateur dans la mémorisation du parrainage. Recherche et Applications en Marketing11(1): 6–21.
58.
WalliserB (2003) L’évolution et l’état de l’art de la recherche internationale sur le parrainage. Recherche et Applications en Marketing18(1): 65–93.