Editor’s Choice- Activation of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of acute heart failure

Storrow AB Jenkins CA Self WH et al . The burden of acute heart failure on U.S. emergency departments. JACC Heart Fail 2014; 2: 269–277.

Abdo AS. Hospital management of acute decompensated heart failure. Am J Med Sci 2017; 353: 265–274.

Miro O Peacock FW McMurray JJ et al . Acute Heart Failure Study Group of the ESCACCA. European Society of Cardiology – Acute Cardiovascular Care Association position paper on safe discharge of acute heart failure patients from the emergency department. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. Epub ahead of print 21 February 2016. DOI: 10.1177/2048872616633853.

Weintraub NL Collins SP Pang PS et al . American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiopulmonary CCP Resuscitation. Acute heart failure syndromes: emergency department presentation, treatment, and disposition: current approaches and future aims: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 122: 1975–1996.

Farmakis D Parissis J Lekakis J et al . Acute heart failure: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2015; 68: 245–248.

Mann DL. The emerging role of innate immunity in the heart and vascular system: for whom the cell tolls. Circ Res 2011; 108: 1133–1145.

Frangogiannis NG. Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair. Circ Res 2012; 110: 159–173.

Frantz S Kobzik L Kim YD et al . Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 271–280.

Dunkelberger JR Song WC. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Res 2010; 20: 34–50.

Aukrust P Gullestad L Lappegard KT et al . Complement activation in patients with congestive heart failure: effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Circulation 2001; 104: 1494–1500.

Shahini N Michelsen AE Nilsson PH et al . The alternative complement pathway is dysregulated in patients with chronic heart failure. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 42532.

Trendelenburg M Stallone F Pershyna K et al . Complement activation products in acute heart failure: potential role in pathophysiology, responses to treatment and impacts on long term survival. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2017. DOI: 10.1177/2048872617694674.

Yasojima K Kilgore KS Washington RA et al . Complement gene expression by rabbit heart: upregulation by ischemia and reperfusion. Circ Res 1998; 82: 1224–1230.

Zhang C Li Y Wang C et al . Complement 5a receptor mediates angiotensin II-induced cardiac inflammation and remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34: 1240–1248.

Hindmarsh EJ Marks RM. Complement activation occurs on subendothelial extracellular matrix in vitro and is initiated by retraction or removal of overlying endothelial cells. J Immunol 1998; 160: 6128–6136.

Frangogiannis NG Lindsey ML Michael LH et al . Resident cardiac mast cells degranulate and release preformed TNF-alpha, initiating the cytokine cascade in experimental canine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 1998; 98: 699–710.

Cavaillon JM Fitting C Haeffner-Cavaillon N. Recombinant C5a enhances interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes and macrophages. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20: 253–257.

Pundir P MacDonald CA Kulka M. The novel receptor C5aR2 is required for C5a-mediated human mast cell adhesion, migration, and proinflammatory mediator production. J Immunol 2015; 195: 2774–2787.

Gaudenzio N Sibilano R Marichal T et al . Different activation signals induce distinct mast cell degranulation strategies. J Clin Invest 2016; 126: 3981–3998.

Albrecht EA Chinnaiyan AM Varambally S et al . C5a-induced gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 2004; 164: 849–859.

Kalbitz M Fattahi F Herron TJ et al . Complement destabilizes cardiomyocyte function in vivo after polymicrobial sepsis and in vitro. J Immunol 2016; 197: 2353–2361.

Clark DJ Cleman MW Pfau SE et al . Serum complement activation in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 684–690.

Van Tassell BW Abouzaki NA Oddi Erdle C et al . Interleukin-1 blockade in acute decompensated heart failure: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 67: 544–551.

Frangogiannis NG. The inflammatory response in myocardial injury, repair, and remodelling. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11: 255–265.