Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers

Zhou F Yu T Du R , et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395: 1054–1062.

Yan R Zhang Y Li Y , et al. Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science 2020; 367: 1444–1448.

Zheng YY Ma YT Zhang JY , et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. Epub ahead of print 5 March 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.

Fang L Karakiulakis G Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8: e21.

De Simone G, Chair, ESC Council on Hypertension; On behalf of the Nucleus Members. Position Statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)/News/position-statement-of-the-esc-council-on-hypertension-on-ace-inhibitors-and-ang (accessed 13 March 2020).

Bozkurt B, Kovacs R and Harrington B. HFSA/ACC/AHA Statement Addresses Concerns Re: Using RAAS Antagonists in COVID-19. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/03/17/08/59/hfsa-acc-aha-statement-addresses-concerns-re-using-raas-antagonists-in-covid-19 (accessed 17 March 2020).

Donoghue M Hsieh F Baronas E , et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res 2000; 87: E1–E9.

Wiener RS Cao YX Hinds A , et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is primarily epithelial and is developmentally regulated in the mouse lung. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101: 1278–1291.

Uhal BD Li X Piasecki CC , et al. Angiotensin signalling in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44: 465–468.

Zambelli V Bellani G Borsa R , et al. Angiotensin-(1-7) improves oxygenation, while reducing cellular infiltrate and fibrosis in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3: 44.

Shen L Mo H Cai L , et al. Losartan prevents sepsis-induced acute lung injury and decreases activation of nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Shock 2009; 31: 500–506.

Imai Y Kuba K Rao S , et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature 2005; 436: 112–116.

Phadke MA and Saunik S. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers such as Telmisartan, Losartsan in nCoV Wuhan Corona Virus infections – Novel mode of treatment. BMJ 2020; 368: m406.

Spannella F Giulietti F Balietti P , et al. Renin-angiotensin system blockers and statins are associated with lower in-hospital mortality in very elderly hypertensives. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 19: 342–347.