BrubakerPHKitzmanDW. Chronotropic incompetence: Causes, consequences, and management. Circulation2011; 123: 1010–1020.
2.
LauerMSOkinPMLarsonMG, et al.Impaired heart rate response to graded exercise. Prognostic implications of chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation1996; 93: 1520–1526.
3.
ArchangelidiOPujades-RodriguezMTimmisA, et al.Clinically recorded heart rate and incidence of 12 coronary, cardiac, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial diseases in 233,970 men and women: A linked electronic health record study. Eur J Prev Cardiol2018; 25: 1485–1495.
4.
DyerAPerskyVStamlerJ, et al.Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: Findings in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol1980; 112: 736–749.
5.
GundersenTGrøttumPPedersenT, et al.for the Norwegian Timolol Multicenter Study Group. Effect of timolol on mortality and reinfarction after acute myocardial infarction: Prognostic importance of heart rate at rest. Am J Cardiol1986; 58: 20–24.
6.
StokesJ IIIKannelWBWolfPA, et al.The relative importance of selected factors for various manifestations of cardiovascular disease among men and women from 35-64 years old: 30 years of follow-up in the Framingham Study. Circulation1987; 75(Suppl V): V65–V73.
7.
SinghBN. The relevance of sympathetic activity in the pharmacological treatment of chronic stable angina. Can J Cardiol1999; 15(Suppl A): 15A–21A.
8.
KaplanJManuckSAdamsM. Propranolol inhibits coronary atherosclerosis in behaviorally predisposed monkeys fed with atherogenic diet. Circulation1987; 76: 1364–1372.
9.
SharashovaEWilsgaardTLøchenML, et al.Resting heart rate trajectories and myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke and death in the general population: The Tromsø Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol2017; 24: 748–759.
10.
ToflerGHMassaroJLevyDA, et al.Increased heart rate is associated with a prothrombotic state: The Framingham Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol2017; 24: 382–388.
11.
BenesJKotrcMBorlaugBA, et al.Resting heart rate and heart rate reserve in advanced heart failure have distinct pathophysiologic correlates and prognostic impact: A prospective pilot study. JACC Heart Fail2013; 1: 259–266.
12.
SavonenKPKiviniemiVLaukkanenJA, et al.Chronotropic incompetence and mortality in middle-aged men with known or suspected coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J2008; 29: 1896–1902.
13.
FranciosiS1RostonTMPerryFKG, et al.Chronotropic incompetence as a risk predictor in children and young adults with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Epub ahead of print 23 June 2019. DOI: 10.1111/jce.14043.
14.
KäserAMartinelliMFellerM, et al.Heart rate response determines long term exercise capacity after heart transplantation. Swiss Med Wkly2009; 139: 308–312.
15.
NytrøenKMyersJChanKN, et al.Chronotropic responses to exercise in heart transplant recipients: 1-yr follow-up. Am J Phys Med Rehabil2011; 90: 579–588.
NesBMJanszkyIWisløffU, et al.Age-predicted maximal heart rate in healthy subjects: The HUNT fitness study. Scand J Med Sci Sports2013; 23: 697–704.
18.
MillerWCWallaceJPEggertKE. Predicting max HR and the HR–VO2 relationship for exercise prescription in obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc1993; 25: 1077–1081.
19.
Heinzmann-FilhoJPZanattaLBVendrusculoFM, et al.Maximum heart rate measured versus estimated by different equations during the cardiopulmonary exercise test in obese adolescents. Rev Paul Pediatr2018; 36: 309–314.
20.
ZavorskyGS. Evidence and possible mechanisms of altered maximum heart rate with endurance training and tapering. Sports Med2000; 29: 13–26.
21.
GuazziMArenaRPellegrinoM, et al.Prevalence and characterization of exercise oscillatory ventilation in apparently healthy individuals at variable risk for cardiovascular disease: A subanalysis of the EURO-EX trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol2016; 23: 328–334.
22.
Laforgia P, Bandera F, Alfonzetti E, et al. Exercise Chronotropic Insufficiency Phenotypes the Level of Cardiovascular Risk and Exercise Gas Exchange Impairment in the General Population. An Analysis of the Euro-EX Prevention Trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020; 27: 526–535.
23.
GulatiMShawLJThistedRA, et al.Heart rate response to exercise stress testing in asymptomatic women: The St. James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation2010; 122: 130–137.
24.
GuazziMArenaRHalleM, et al.2016 Focused update: Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Circulation2016; 133: e694–e711.
25.
O’NealWTSandesaraPBSamman-TahhanA, et al.Heart rate and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Prev Cardiol2017; 24: 1212–1219.
26.
NadruzW. Myocardial remodeling in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens2015; 29: 1–6.
27.
KamimuraDLoprinziPDWangW, et al.Physical activity is associated with reduced left ventricular mass in obese and hypertensive African Americans. Am J Hypertens2017; 30: 617–623.
28.
BoudetGWaltherGCourteixD, et al.Paradoxical dissociation between heart rate and heart rate variability following different modalities of exercise in individuals with metabolic syndrome: The RESOLVE study. Eur J Prev Cardiol2017; 24: 281–296.
29.
SantosMWestESkaliH, et al.Resting heart rate and chronotropic response to exercise: Prognostic implications in heart failure across the left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum. J Card Fail2018; 24: 753–762.
30.
IoakeimidisNSamentzasAVlachopoulosC, et al.Chronotropic incompetence and dynamic postexercise autonomic dysfunction are associated with the presence and severity of erectile dysfunction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol2016; 21: 256–262.
31.
Anjos-AndradeFD1SousaACBarreto-FilhoJA, et al.Chronotropic incompetence and coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol2010; 65: 631–638.
32.
KimBJJoEAImSI, et al.Heart rate recovery and blood pressure response during exercise testing in patients with microvascular angina. Clin Hypertens2019; 25: 4–4.
33.
PatelMRPetersonEDDaiD. Low diagnostic yield of elective coronary angiography. N Engl J Med2010; 362: 886–895. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 498.
34.
ShenWCaiXZhangD, et al.Abnormal coronary flow reserve in patients with angina pectoris and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. Chin Med J (Engl)1996; 109: 376–380.
35.
HamasakiSAl SuwaidiJHiganoST, et al.Attenuated coronary flow reserve and vascular remodeling in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol2000; 35: 1654–1660.
36.
GalderisiMCicalaSCasoP, et al.Coronary flow reserve and myocardial diastolic dysfunction in arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol2002; 90: 860–864.
37.
GalderisiMCapaldoBSidiropulosM, et al.Determinants of reduction of coronary flow reserve in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension without angiographically determined epicardial coronary stenosis. Am J Hypertens2007; 20: 1283–1290.
38.
SilvermanDNShahSJ. Treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): The phenotype-guided approach. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med2019; 21: 20–20.
39.
Nordic Council of Ministers. Nordic nutrition recommendations 2012. Integrating nutrition and physical activity. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2014.
