Guadua-bamboo laminar biochar production and use as a substrate for TiO 2 deposition for photocatalytic activity against Escherichia coli 226 and Salmonella typhimurium 211
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online June, 2025
Guadua-bamboo laminar biochar production and use as a substrate for TiO 2 deposition for photocatalytic activity against Escherichia coli 226 and Salmonella typhimurium 211
This study aimed to produce and characterise laminar biochar from Guadua angustifolia Kunth culms longitudinal cuts by TiO2 sedimentation deposit with photocatalytic activity against bacteria; several ages and height positions culms served to produce longitudinal cuts, fibre and parenchyma compositions; longitudinal cuts containing the highest fibre were transformed into laminar biochar by modified pyrolysis; biochar TiO2 deposited served to evaluate the photocatalytic activity against Escherichia coli 226 and Salmonella typhimurium 211, the highest fibre percentages for longitudinal cuts were MM, BM, TJ, TD, and DM (ranging from 59.50 to 63.78 %), among these, BM, MD and TD showed the highest thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures between 341.65 and 345.85 ºC. Elastic modulus in bending (E) for these cuts exceeded 3.06 GPa, indicating their mechanical strength. TiO2 deposited on the laminar biochar exposed to UV253nm generated > 50 % inactivation of both bacteria after 30 min of exposure (photocatalytic activity).
AcostaRMontoyaJALondoñoCA. The influence of thermal treatment on the compressive strength and density of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia Kunth). BioRes2021; 16: 7006–7020.
2.
Ministerio de Comercio Industria y Turismo. Informe De Gestión Sector Comercio, Industria Y Turismo. 1–203. 2014.
3.
LozanoJE. Determinación de los esfuerzos últimos de la Guadua angustifolia en la región andina de Colombia correlacionada con variables de clima. PhD thesis. Universitat Politècnica de València. 2021. https://portalinvestigacion.uniovi.es/documentos/60b6dd355c9ff407cb129971
4.
Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Cadena Guadua Acuerdo de Competitividad. Sistema de Información de Gestión y Desempeño de Organizaciones de Cadenas2021; 1–11. https://sioc.minagricultura.gov.co/Guadua/Documentos/2021-03-31%20Cifras%20Sectoriales.pdf.
5.
LondoñoX, Camayo G, Riaño R, et al.Characterization of the anatomy of Guadua angustifolia (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) culms. Bamboo Sci Cult: J. Amer. Bamboo. Soc2002; 16(1): 18–31.
6.
LondoñoX. El bambú en Colombia. Reseña Científica Biotecnol Vegetal2011; 11: 143–154.
7.
LieseW. Anatomy and properties of bamboo. Bamboo Workshop Hangzhou1985: 196–208.
8.
VillarealJFMarasiganOSMendozaRC, et al.Morphological, anatomical, and physical properties of iron bamboo (Guadua angustifolia Kunth) grown in the Philippines. Philippine J Sci2020; 149: 1005–1013.
9.
RodriguesYASantosSKCostaFHS, et al.Anatomical characterization of the roots, leaves and culms of Guadua weberbaueri in different growing environments. Adv For Sci2020; 7: 1025–1033.
10.
Moreno MolinaJRCendales PuentesML. Determinacion de las propiedades fisicas y mecanicas de la Guadua angustifolia Kunth originario de Armenia Quindio. Trabajo de Grado. Universidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Civil. Bogotá, Colombia2019; 3: 90.
WangHZhangXJiangZ, et al.A comparison study on the preparation of nanocellulose fibrils from fibers and parenchymal cells in bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Indust Crops Prod2015; 71: 80–88.
13.
CuéllarAMuñozI. Fibra de guadua como refuerzo de matrices poliméricas. DYNA (Colombia)2009; 77: 138–142.
14.
WeiXZhouHChenF, et al.Bending Flexibility of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys Edulis) with Functionally Graded Structure. Materials2019; 12: 2007.
15.
TinéMASilvaMGrombone-GuaratiniMT. Culm cell-wall compositions of tribes Bambuseae and Olyreae (subfamily Bambusoideae; Family Poaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Flora2020; 267: 151596.
16.
CorrealJFArbeláezJ. Influence of age and height position on Colombian Guadua angustifolia bamboo mechanical properties. Maderas, Cienc Tecnol2010; 12(2): 105–113.
17.
EspitiaMECorredorDERodríguezNJ, et al.Morphological and nanomechanical characterization of Guadua angustifolia Kunth fiber by means of SEM and AFM. DYNA (Colombia)2018; 85: 148–154.
18.
SánchezMLCapoteGCarrilloJ. Composites reinforced with Guadua fibers: physical and mechanical properties. Constr Build Mater2019; 228: 116749.
OsorioLTrujilloEVan VuureAW, et al.Morphological aspects and mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers and flexural characterization of bamboo/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Comp2011; 30: 396–408.
21.
HeMXWangJLQinH, et al.Bamboo: a new source of carbohydrate for biorefinery. Carbohy Polym2014; 111: 645–654.
22.
PradoAEFelissiaFEAreaCA, et al.Physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of bamboo species Guadua trinii and Guadua angustifolia and their potential to produce high-value products. Cellul Chem Technol2021; 55: 951–959.
23.
Rodríguez-PadrónDAlothmanZAOsmanSM, et al.Recycling electronic waste: prospects in green catalysts design. Curr Opin Green Sust Chem2020; 25: 100357.
24.
ShanAYGhaziTIMRashidSA. Immobilisation of titanium dioxide onto supporting materials in heterogeneous photocatalysis: A review. Appl Catal A2010; 389: 1–8.
25.
Cañon TafurLARodriguez PedrozaAMJimenez BorregoLC, et al.Análisis de contraste en imágenes para la medición del contenido de fibra en cortes de Guadua angustifolia. In: Libro de resumenes XXIX Congreso Nacional de Fisica. Armenia, Quindio, Colombia, 2022, p. 172.
26.
ValenciaCLPedroza-RodríguezAMChamorro TobarIC, et al.Evaluación de la fotólisis, fotólisis/H2O2 y H2O2 como tratamientos para la reducción de Salmonella spp. en aguas de granjas porcícolas. Rev Invest Veterinarias Perú2020; 31: e17205.
27.
PuentesCPedroza CamachoLMateus MaldonadoJ, et al.Biological and photocatalytic treatment at pilot plant scale of synthetic coloured wastewater produced in university teaching laboratories. Rev Mex Ing Quim2021; 20(2): 521–529.
28.
FernándezJACardozoMGCarrascalAK, et al.Microbiology cell-staining wastewater treatment using TiO2 thin films. Ingeniería Competitividad2015; 17: 35–48.
29.
FernándezJASuanARamírezJC, et al.Treatment of real wastewater with TiO2-films sensitized by a natural-dye obtained from Picramnia sellowii. J Environ Chem Eng2016; 4: 2848–2856.
30.
AhmedFAwadaCAnsariSA, et al.Photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli under UV light irradiation using large surface area anatase TiO2 quantum dots. Royal Soc Open Sci2019; 6: 191444.
31.
SinJCLimCALamSM, et al.Fabrication of novel visible light-driven Nd-doped BiOBr nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic performance for palm oil mill effluent degradation and Escherichia coli inactivation. J Phys Chem Solids2020; 140: 109382.
32.
De Araujo ScharnbergARLoretoACDWermuthTB, et al.Porous ceramic supported TiO2 nanoparticles: enhanced photocatalytic activity for Rhodamine B degradation. Boletin Sociedad Espanola Ceramica Vidrio2020; 59: 230–238.
33.
WangWYangRLiT, et al.Advances in recyclable and superior photocatalytic fibers: material, construction, application and future perspective. Comp Part B: Eng2021; 205: 108512.
34.
SchneiderDEscalaMSupawittayayothinK, et al.Characterizacion of biochar from hydrothermal carbonization of bamboo. Int J Energy Environ2011; 2: 647–652.
35.
JinCLiJWangJ, et al.Cross-linked ZnO nanowalls immobilized onto bamboo surface and their use as recyclable photocatalysts. J Nanomater2014; 2014: 7.
36.
PosadaJCJaramilloLYCadenaEMGarcíaLA. Bio-based composites from agricultural wastes: Polylactic acid and bamboo Guadua angustifolia. J Compos Mater2016; 50: 3229–3237.
37.
WangBLiuBJiX-X, et al.Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic properties of bamboo charcoal/TiO2 composites using four sizes powder. Materials2018; 11: 670.
38.
ThomasBSYangJMoKH, et al.Biomass ashes from agricultural wastes as supplementary cementitious materials or aggregate replacement in cement/geopolymer concrete: a comprehensive review. J Build Eng2021; 40: 102332.
39.
ZhangJYuanWXiaT, et al.A TiO2 coated carbon aerogel derived from bamboo pulp fibers for enhanced visible light photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue. Nanomaterials2021; 11: 1–12.
40.
PrihatiningsihPPertiwiLDFatimahI. Preparation of TiO2 bamboo leaves ash composite as photocatalyst for dye photodegradation. Chemical2017; 3: 1–5.
41.
NawazA. Composite of natural bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) and TiO2: its photocatalytic potential in the degradation of methylene blue under the direct irradiation of solar light. Res Chem Interm2020; 46: 2731–2747.
42.
LiuGLuZZhuX, et al.Facile in-situ growth of Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles on polydopamine modified bamboo with excellent mildew-proofing. Sci Rep2019; 9: 1–10.
43.
FatimahIPrakosoNISahroniI, et al.Physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic performance of TiO2/SiO2 catalyst synthesized using biogenic silica from bamboo leaves. Heliyon2019; 5: e02766.
44.
AbeKYanoH. Comparison of the characteristics of cellulose microfibril aggregates isolated from fiber and parenchyma cells of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Cellulose2010; 17: 271–277.
45.
CardenasJIVargas-HernándezC. Elastic module study of the radial section of Guadua angustifolia Kunth variety bicolor. Adv Mater Sci Eng2014; 2014: 1–5.
46.
AkinbadeYHarriesKAFlowerCV, et al.Through-culm wall mechanical behaviour of bamboo. Constr Build Mater2019; 216: 485–495.
47.
LuCWuJJiangQ, et al.Influence of juvenile and mature wood on anatomical and chemical properties of early and late wood from Chinese fir plantation. J Wood Sci2021; 1–11.
48.
CañonLRamírezLGPedrozaAM, et al. Thin films of titanium dioxide on laminates of Guadua angustifolia Kunth: Potential for bacterial inactivation through photocatalysis in domestic. In: XVII Congreso la investigación en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia, 2023. https://www.javeriana.edu.co/web/congreso
49.
Cañon-TafurLAMateus-MaldonadoJFLozano-PuentesHS, et al.Guadua angustifolia biochar/TiO2 composite and biochar as bio-based materials with environmental and agricultural application. Sci Rep2025; 15: 1–23.
50.
ChenHWuJShiJ, et al.Strong and highly flexible slivers prepared from natural bamboo culm using NaOH pretreatment. Indust Crops Prod2021; 170: 113773.
51.
MasanizanALimCMKoohMRR, et al.The removal of ruthenium-based complexes N3 dye from DSSC wastewater using copper impregnated KOH-activated bamboo charcoal. Water, Air, & Soil Poll2021; 232: 388.
52.
KalderisDSeifiAKieu TrangT, et al.Bamboo-derived adsorbents for environmental remediation: a review of recent progress. Environ Res2023; 224(December 2022): 115533.
53.
AlfeiSPandoliOG. Bamboo-based biochar: a still too little-studied black gold and its current applications. J Xenobiotics2024; 14: 416–451.
54.
Hernández-MenaLELopes e LimaAFracarolliJA, et al.Neotropical woody bamboo for sustainable biobased products and bioenergy: a review. Int J Sust Eng2024; 17: 2–21.
55.
CuiJZhangFLiH, et al.Recent progress in biochar-based photocatalysts for wastewater treatment: synthesis, mechanisms, and applications. Appl Sci2020; 10(3): 1019.
56.
WeidnerEKarbassiyazdiEAltaeeA, et al.Hybrid metal oxide/biochar materials for wastewater treatment technology: a review. ACS Omega2022; 7: 27062–27078.
57.
YangZLiKZhangM, et al.Rapid determination of chemical composition and classification of bamboo fractions using visible-near infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis. Biotechnol Biofuels2016; 9: 1–18.
58.
LieseW. Bamboo: The plant and its uses. Springer International Publishing, 2015; 1–356.
59.
FerreiraTRasbandW. ImageJ user guide. Image J User Guide2012; 9: 676–682.
60.
PlazasCA-RojasAmayaN-OrozcoRivera-HoyosC, et al.Use of biochar and a post-coagulation effluent as an adsorbent of malachite green, beneficial bacteria carrier, and seedling substrate for plants belonging to the Poaceae. 3 Biotech2023; 13(12): 386.
YuHLiuFKeM, et al.Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic study of bamboo waste treated by Echinodontium taxodii using a modified three-parallel-reactions model. Bioresour Technol2015; 185: 324–330.
63.
TrujilloEVertommenJOsorioL, et al.Investigating the flexural properties of bamboo fibre–PP composites consolidated under inert atmosphere. In: ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials2013, pp. 1–9.
64.
American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials D790. Annual Book of ASTM Stand2002; i: 1–12.
65.
Castillo-ToroAMateus-MaldonadoJFCéspedes-BernalDN, et al.Evaluation of two microcosm systems for co-treatment of LDPEoxo and lignocellulosic biomass for biochar production.Biomater Res2021; 25: 1–15.
66.
BlancoAChacón-BuitragoMAQuintero-DuqueMC, et al.Production of pine sawdust biochar supporting phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as an alternative bioinoculant in Allium cepa L., culture. Sci Rep2022; 12: 1–18.
OngHCYuKLChenWH, et al.Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: a critical review. Ren Sust Ener Rev2021; 152: 111698.
69.
RincónLAPedrozaACañon TafurL, et al.Elaboración y caracterización de películas de TiO2 por sol–gel para la inactivación de Escherichia coli. In: Libro de resumenes XXIX Congreso Nacional de Fisica. Armenia, Quindio, Colombia, 2022; 173.
70.
PedrozaA. Conversión y aprovechamiento de residuos de Guadua angustifolia Kunth para la obtención de biomateriales con aplicación ambiental y agrícola. In: Memorias 7 Simposio Internacional del bambú y la guadua. 7 Sibguadua. Lima, Perú, 2022; 105.
71.
WilkMMagdziarzAKalembaI. Characterisation of renewable fuels’ torrefaction process with different instrumental techniques. Energy2015; 87: 259–269.
72.
NuñezJAPSalapareHSVillamayorMMS, et al.Antibacterial efficiency of magnetron sputtered TiO2 on poly(methyl methacrylate). Surf Interfaces2017; 8: 28–35.
73.
Silva BritoFBenigno PaesJTarcísio da Silva OliveiraJ, et al.Chemical characterization and biological resistance of thermally treated bamboo. Constr Build Mater2020; 262: 1–9.
74.
DixonPGAhvenainenPAijaziAN, et al.Comparison of the structure and flexural properties of Moso, Guadua and Tre Gai bamboo. Constr Build Mater2015; 90: 11–17.
75.
LunaPLizarazo-MarriagaJMariñoA. Guadua angustifolia bamboo fibers as reinforcement of polymeric matrices: an exploratory study. Constr Build Mater2016; 116: 93–97.
76.
VelezS. Actualidad y futuro de la arquitectura de bambu en Colombia. PhD Thesis. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. 2006; 1–406. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/6130#page=1
77.
GonzálezHMontoyaJABedoyaJ. Esfuerzo de tensión y la influencia de la humedad relativa del ambiente y la altura a lo largo del tramo en la especie de bambú Guadua angustifolia Kunth. Scientia Technica2006; XII: 445–450.
78.
EcheverryJMCamargo GarcíaJCMarino MosqueraO. Características de los culmos de Guadua de acuerdo al sitio y su estado de madurez. Colombia Forestal2017; 20: 171–180.
79.
RuaJJBuchelyMFMonteiroSN, et al.Structure–property relations of a natural composite: bamboo Guadua angustifolia, under impact and flexural loads. J Compos Mater2021; 55: 2953–2966.
80.
Da Costa PinheiroPC. La producción del carbón vegetal. A Produção de Carvão Vegetal: Teoria e Prática. Belo Horizonte2018; 00: 1–57.
81.
MengFDYuYLZhangYM, et al.Surface chemical composition analysis of heat-treated bamboo. Appl Surf Sci2016; 371: 383–390.
82.
SunDLvZWRaoJ, et al.Effects of hydrothermal pretreatment on the dissolution and structural evolution of hemicelluloses and lignin: a review. Carbohydr Polym2022; 281: 119050.
83.
ReddyKOMaheswariCUDhlaminiMS, et al.Preparation and characterization of regenerated cellulose films using borassus fruit fibers and an ionic liquid. Carbohydr Polym2017; 160: 203–211.
84.
AjiboyeTOOyewoOAOnwudiweDC. Adsorption and photocatalytic removal of Rhodamine B from wastewater using carbon-based materials. FlatChem2021; 29: 100277.
85.
ElgoharyEAMohamedYMAEl NazerHA, et al.A review of the use of semiconductors as catalysts in the photocatalytic inactivation of microorganisms. Catalysts2021; 11: 1–15.
86.
FosterHADittaIBVargheseS, et al.Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Appl Microb Biotechnol2011; 90: 1847–1868.
87.
FiorentinoARizzoLGuilloteauH, et al.Comparing TiO2 photocatalysis and UV-C radiation for inactivation and mutant formation of Salmonella Typhimurium TA102. Environ Sci Pollut Res2017; 24: 1871–1879.
88.
VarnagirisSUrbonaviciusMSakalauskaiteS, et al.Photocatalytic inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium by floating carbon-doped TiO2 photocatalyst. Materials2021; 14: 5681.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
