Fire has become a significant threat to life, highlighting the importance of creating smart fire alarms and protection systems to avoid fire incidents. Researchers are seeking ways to reduce fire risks and their impacts, one of which is through the development of fire-resistant materials, such as nanocomposite coatings based on TiO2-MMT-CNF, which offer promising fire resistance and can provide smart fire alarms and protection. This review discusses TiO2-MMT-CNF-based nanocomposite coating materials, the production of TiO2-based nanocomposite coatings, and the characterization of TiO2-based nanocomposite coatings. Composite materials for fire-resistant coatings, as well as smart fire warning and protection, include titanium dioxide (TiO2), montmorillonite (MMT), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), polyethylene glycol (PEG), tetrahydroxy-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (PFDTS), carboxymethyl cellulose, and concentrated hydrochloric acid. The nanocomposite coatings can be color adjustable, easily mass-produced, and exhibit stable fire resistance and cyclic fire alarm responses even after more than a year of outdoor exposure. Characterization techniques used include SEM, EDS, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, and TGA.
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