The ability of alginates to form hydrogel solutions makes them a promising biomaterial for three-dimensional (3D) printing. Researchers are investigating several techniques to improve the alginate hydrogels’ quality, such as using alginate-based nanocomposites as materials for 3D printing. This review examines the material of alginate-based composites, the printing technique, and the applications of 3D printing alginate-based composites. Material composites for 3D printing include alginate with clay, a combination of alginate with polymers or biopolymers, and a mixture of alginate with metal oxide and carbon. The 3D printing material from alginate combined with polymers is usually used in the medical and green packaging industries, whereas a mixture of alginate with clay, metal oxide, and carbon 3D printing material is utilized in the environmental field. When considering printing procedures, extrusion techniques are the most affordable. Furthermore, the purpose of alginate composite characterization is to determine the impact generated by the material combinations. This characterization is carried out based on the intended application. However, it is common to employ mechanical, thermal, rheological, scanning electron, XRD, and FTIR analysis to identify the fundamental characteristics of the alginate composite according to research.
LuBLiDTianX. Development trends in additive manufacturing and 3D printing. Engineering2015; 1: 085–089.
2.
ChiaHNWuBM. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J Biol Eng2015; 9: 1–14.
3.
BuchananCGardnerL. Metal 3D printing in construction: a review of methods, research, applications, opportunities and challenges. Eng Struct2019; 180: 332–348.
4.
BermanB. 3-D printing: the new industrial revolution. Bus Horiz2012; 55: 155–162.
5.
LeeVC. Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses. P and T2014; 39: 704–711.
VaraprasadKJayaramuduTKanikireddyV, et al.Alginate-based composite materials for wound dressing application:A mini review. Carbohydr Polym2020; 236: 116025.
8.
AxpeEOyenML. Applications of alginate-based bioinks in 3D bioprinting. Int J Mol Sci2016; 17: 1976. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121976.
9.
MallakpourSAzadiEHussainCM. State-of-the-art of 3D printing technology of alginate-based hydrogels—an emerging technique for industrial applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci2021; 293: 102436.
10.
JangJLeeJSeolYJ, et al.Improving mechanical properties of alginate hydrogel by reinforcement with ethanol treated polycaprolactone nanofibers. Compos B Eng2013; 45: 1216–1221.
11.
RamezaniMRipinZM. An overview of enhancing the performance of medical implants with nanocomposites. Journal of Composites Science2023; 7: 199. DOI: 10.3390/jcs7050199.
12.
KhanKAAl-HazmiHEŚniatałaB, et al.Hydrochar-nanoparticle integration for arsenic removal from wastewater: challenges, possible solutions, and future horizon. Environ Res2023; 238: 117164.
13.
Al-HazmiHEKot-WasikAShokraniA, et al.Diving boldly into COVID-19 contaminated wastewater: eyes at nanotechnology-assisted solutions. Clinical and Translational Discovery2023; 3: 195. DOI: 10.1002/ctd2.195.
14.
Al-HazmiHEMohammadiAHejnaA, et al.Wastewater reuse in agriculture: prospects and challenges. Environ Res2023; 236: 116711. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116711.
15.
Soleimani-GorganiAAl-HazmiHEEsmaeiliA, et al.Screen-printed Sn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic dye removal from wastewater: a technological perspective. Environ Res2023; 237: 1–9.
16.
WangaBWancYZhengY, et al.Alginate-based composites for environmental applications: a critical review, 2021, pp. 318–356.
17.
LiJMaJChenS, et al.Adsorption of lysozyme by alginate/graphene oxide composite beads with enhanced stability and mechanical property. Mater Sci Eng C2018; 89: 25–32.
18.
XieMSuJZhouS, et al.Application of hydrogels as three-dimensional bioprinting ink for tissue engineering. Gels2023; 9: 88. DOI: 10.3390/gels9020088.
19.
ChakrabortyARoyARaviSP, et al.Exploiting the role of nanoparticles for use in hydrogel-based bioprinting applications: concept, design, and recent advances. Biomater Sci2021; 9: 6337–6354.
20.
LigonSCLiskaRStampflJ, et al.Polymers for 3D printing and customized additive manufacturing. Chem Rev2017; 117: 10212–10290.
21.
FreemanSRamosRAlexis ChandoP, et al.A bioink blend for rotary 3D bioprinting tissue engineered small-diameter vascular constructs. Acta Biomater2019; 95: 152–164.
22.
LiLQinSPengJ, et al.Engineering gelatin-based alginate/carbon nanotubes blend bioink for direct 3D printing of vessel constructs. Int J Biol Macromol2020; 145: 262–271.
23.
GutierrezEBurdilesPAQueroF, et al.3D printing of antimicrobial alginate/bacterial-cellulose composite hydrogels by incorporating copper nanostructures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng2019; 5: 6290–6299.
24.
MaoHYangLZhuH, et al.Recent advances and challenges in materials for 3D bioprinting. Prog Nat Sci: Mater Int2020; 30: 618–634.
25.
Ahmad RausRWan NawawiWMFNasaruddinRR. Alginate and alginate composites for biomedical applications. Asian J Pharm Sci2021; 16: 280–306.
26.
Al-HazmiHEShokraniHShokraniA, et al.Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. Chemosphere2022; 305; 135441. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441.
27.
DaulayAAndriayaniM, et al.Scalable synthesis of porous silicon nanoparticles from rice husk with the addition of KBr as a scavenger agent during reduction by the magnesiothermic method as anode lithium-ion batteries with sodium alginate as the binder. S Afr J Chem Eng2022; 41: 203–210.
28.
MohammedARiversAStuckeyDC, et al.Alginate extraction from Sargassum seaweed in the Caribbean region: optimization using response surface methodology. Carbohydr Polym2020; 245: 116419.
29.
MohammedABissoonRBajnathE, et al.Multistage extraction and purification of waste Sargassum natans to produce sodium alginate: an optimization approach. Carbohydr Polym2018; 198: 109–118.
30.
FernandoIPSLeeWWHanEJ, et al.Alginate-based nanomaterials: fabrication techniques, properties, and applications. Chem Eng J2020; 391: 123823.
31.
BednarzigVSchrüferSSchneiderTC, et al.Improved 3D printing and cell biology characterization of inorganic-filler containing alginate-based composites for bone regeneration: particle shape and effective surface area are the dominant factors for printing performance. Int J Mol Sci2022; 23: 4750. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094750.
32.
BukitBFFridaEHumaidiS, et al.Selfcleaning and antibacterial activities of textiles using nanocomposite oil palm boiler ash (OPBA), TiO2 and chitosan as coating. S Afr J Chem Eng2022; 41: 105–110.
33.
Lafuente-MerchanMRuiz-AlonsoSEspona-NogueraA, et al.Development, characterization and sterilisation of Nanocellulose-alginate-(hyaluronic acid)- bioinks and 3D bioprinted scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C2021; 126: 112160. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112160.
34.
SunJWangLChenH, et al.Preparation and application of edible film based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose-sodium alginate composite soybean oil body. Coatings2023; 13: 1716. DOI: 10.3390/coatings13101716.
35.
GhanbariMSalavati-NiasariMMohandesF, et al.The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles content on alginate dialdehyde-gelatin scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering. J Mol Liq2021; 335: 116531.
36.
DohHWhitesideWS. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from brown seaweed, Sargassum fluitans, for development of alginate nanocomposite film. Polymer Crystallization2020; 3: 10133. DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10133.
37.
BerglundLRakarJJunkerJPE, et al.Utilizing the natural composition of Brown seaweed for the preparation of hybrid ink for 3D printing of hydrogels. ACS Appl Bio Mater2020; 3: 6510–6520.
38.
AlmutairiFMEl RabeyHAAlalawyAI, et al.Application of chitosan/alginate nanocomposite incorporated with phycosynthesized iron nanoparticles for efficient remediation of chromium. Polymers2021; 13: 2481. DOI: 10.3390/polym13152481.
39.
LeeKSeoCRKuJM, et al.3D-printed alginate/phenamil composite scaffolds constituted with microsized core-shell struts for hard tissue regeneration. RSC Adv2015; 5: 29335–29345.
40.
LiakosILMondiniADel DottoreE, et al.3D printed composites from heat extruded polycaprolactone/sodium alginate filaments and their heavy metal adsorption properties. Mater Chem Front2020; 4: 2472–2483.
41.
PourmollaabbassiBMahdaviH. Fabrication of 3D-printed quaternary scaffolds containing polymeric matrix plus alginate nanoparticles and MWCNTs for cartilage tissue engineering.
42.
BulotaMBudtovaT. PLA/algae composites: morphology and mechanical properties. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2015; 73: 109–115.
43.
DeyKKhanRAChowdhuryAMS. Study on the mechanical, degradation, and interfacial properties of calcium alginate fiber-reinforced polyethylene oxide composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater2012; 25: 807–819.
44.
HassanMMMuellerMTartakowskaDJ, et al.Effect of γ-radiation on the mechanical performance of hybrid rice straw/seaweed-polypropylene composites. J Adhes Sci Technol2011; 25: 1961–1971.
45.
AlexaRLIovuHTricaB, et al.Assessment of naturally sourced mineral clays for the 3d printing of biopolymer-based nanocomposite inks. Nanomaterials2021; 11: 1–22.
46.
MiaoYPengWWangW, et al.3D-printed montmorillonite nanosheets based hydrogel with biocompatible polymers as excellent adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) removal. Sep Purif Technol2022; 283: 120176.
47.
ShahbaziMJägerHAhmadiSJ, et al.Electron beam crosslinking of alginate/nanoclay ink to improve functional properties of 3D printed hydrogel for removing heavy metal ions. Carbohydr Polym2020; 240: 116211.
48.
HongSSycksDChanHF, et al.3D printing of highly stretchable and tough hydrogels into complex, cellularized structures. Adv Mater2015; 27: 4035–4040.
49.
KarimiMAsefnejadAAflakiD, et al.Fabrication of shapeless scaffolds reinforced with baghdadite-magnetite nanoparticles using a 3D printer and freeze-drying technique. J Mater Res Technol2021; 14: 3070–3079.
50.
EdathilAAPalPBanatF. Alginate clay hybrid composite adsorbents for the reclamation of industrial lean methyldiethanolamine solutions. Appl Clay Sci2018; 156: 213–223.
51.
HelmiyatiHDiniFW. Synthesis and application of nanocomposite based on nano sodium alginate from brown seaweed impregnation TiO2 as a catalyst for synthesis 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose. AIP Conf Proc2023, Epub ahead of print 2018. DOI: 10.1063/1.5064098.
52.
GoldschmidtGPMoraesEGOliveiraAPN, et al.Production and characterization of 3D-printed silica-based cellular structures. Open Ceramics2022; 9: 100225. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2022.100225.
53.
Urruela-BarriosRRamírez-CedilloEde LeónAD, et al.Alginate/gelatin hydrogels reinforced with TiO2 and β-TCP fabricated by microextrusion-based printing for tissue regeneration. In: Polymers (Basel), vol. 11. 2019. DOI: 10.3390/polym11030457.
54.
RoopavathUKSoniRMahantaU, et al.3D printable SiO2 nanoparticle ink for patient specific bone regeneration. RSC Adv2019; 9: 23832–23842.
55.
CleetusCMPrimoFAFregosoG, et al.Alginate hydrogels with embedded zno nanoparticles for wound healing therapy. Int J Nanomedicine2020; 15: 5097–5111.
56.
ValentinTMLandauerAKMoralesLC, et al.Alginate-graphene oxide hydrogels with enhanced ionic tunability and chemomechanical stability for light-directed 3D printing. Carbon N Y2019; 143: 447–456.
57.
YangaMShiIXiaY. Effect of SiO2, PVA and glycerol concentrations on chemical and mechanical properties of alginate-based films. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 107: 2686–2694.
58.
UnagollaJMJayasuriyaAC. Hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting: a comprehensive review on cell-laden hydrogels, bioink formulations, and future perspectives. Appl Mater Today2020; 18: 100479.
59.
PersaudAMausAStraitL, et al.3D bioprinting with live cells. Engineered Regeneration2022; 3: 292–309.
60.
MandryckyCWangZKimK, et al.3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Biotechnol Adv2016; 34: 422–434.
61.
BetancourtNChenX. Review of extrusion-based multi-material bioprinting processes. Bioprinting2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00189.
62.
NingLChenX. A brief review of extrusion-based tissue scaffold bio-printing. Biotechnol J2017; 12: 1–16.
63.
DerakhshanfarSMbeleckRXuK, et al.3D bioprinting for biomedical devices and tissue engineering: a review of recent trends and advances. Bioact Mater2018; 3: 144–156.
64.
OzbolatITHospodiukM. Current advances and future perspectives in extrusion-based bioprinting. Biomaterials2016; 76: 321–343.
65.
SinghMHaverinenHMDhagatP, et al.Inkjet printing-process and its applications. Adv Mater2010; 22: 673–685.
XiaZJinSYeK. Tissue and organ 3D bioprinting. SLAS Technol2018; 23: 301–314.
68.
CuiXBolandTD’Lima DD, et al.Thermal inkjet printing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul2012; 6: 149–155.
69.
GasperiniLManiglioDMottaA, et al.An electrohydrodynamic bioprinter for alginate hydrogels containing living cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods2015; 21: 123–132.
70.
KangDParkJAKimW, et al.All-inkjet-printed 3D alveolar barrier model with physiologically relevant microarchitecture. Adv Sci2021; 8: 1–11.
71.
ZhouDChenJLiuB, et al.Bioinks for jet-based bioprinting. Bioprinting2019; 16: e00060.
72.
KyleSJessopZMAl-SabahA, et al.Printability’’ of candidate biomaterials for extrusion based 3D printing: state-of-the-art. Adv Healthc Mater2017; 6: 1–16.
73.
TeoMYKeeSRaviChandranN, et al.Enabling free-standing 3D hydrogel microstructures with microreactive inkjet printing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2020; 12: 1832–1839.
74.
LiNGuoRZhangZJ. Bioink formulations for bone tissue regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol2021; 9: 1–17.
75.
GuillemotFSouquetACatrosS, et al.High-throughput laser printing of cells and biomaterials for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater2010; 6: 2494–2500.
76.
DouilletCNicodemeMHermantL, et al.From local to global matrix organization by fibroblasts: a 4D laser-assisted bioprinting approach. Biofabrication2022; 14: 25006. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac40ed.
77.
KeDNiuCYangX. Evolution of 3D bioprinting-from the perspectives of bioprinting companies. Bioprinting2022; 25: e00193.
78.
ChoudhuryDAnandSNaingMW. The arrival of commercial bioprinters - towards 3D bioprinting revolution. Int J Bioprint2018; 4: 1–20.
79.
MurphySVAtalaA. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol2014; 32: 773–785.
80.
ArnoldCBSerraPPiquéA. Laser direct-write techniques for printing of complex materials. MRS Bull2007; 32: 23–31.
81.
JinYLiuCChaiW, et al.Self-supporting nanoclay as internal scaffold material for direct printing of soft hydrogel composite structures in air. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2017; 9: 17456–17465.
82.
WangXTolbaEDerHCS, et al.Effect of bioglass on growth and biomineralization of saos-2 cells in hydrogel after 3d cell bioprinting. PLoS One2014; 9: 1–7.
83.
LiakosILMondiniADel DottoreE, et al.3D printed composites from heat extruded polycaprolactone/sodium alginate filaments and their heavy metal adsorption properties. Mater Chem Front2020; 4: 2472–2483.
84.
ChoeGOhSSeokJM, et al.Graphene oxide/alginate composites as novel bioinks for three-dimensional mesenchymal stem cell printing and bone regeneration applications. Nanoscale2019; 11: 23275–23285.
85.
PodstawczykDNiziołMSzymczykP, et al.3D printed stimuli-responsive magnetic nanoparticle embedded alginate-methylcellulose hydrogel actuators. Addit Manuf2020; 34: 101275. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101275.
86.
IlhanECesurSGulerE, et al.Development of Satureja cuneifolia-loaded sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol scaffolds produced by 3D-printing technology as a diabetic wound dressing material. Int J Biol Macromol2020; 161: 1040–1054.
87.
SahaiNGogoi, et al.3D printed chitosan composite scaffold for chondrocytes differentiation. Curr Med Imaging2021; 17: 832–842.
88.
ChenZShenJWeiM, et al.3D-printed engineered bacteria-laden gelatin/sodium alginate composite hydrogels for biological detection of ionizing radiation. Biodes Manuf2023; 6: 436–450. DOI: 10.1007/s42242-023-00238-2.
89.
YoonSParkJALeeHR, et al.Inkjet–spray hybrid printing for 3D freeform fabrication of multilayered hydrogel structures. Adv Healthc Mater2018; 7: 1–10.
90.
KenglaCLeeSJYooJJ, et al.3-D bioprinting technologies for tissue engineering applications. Rapid Prototyping of Biomaterials: Techniques in Additive Manufacturing2019: 269–288.
91.
KestiMFischPPensalfiniM, et al.Guidelines for standardization of bioprinting: a systematic study of process parameters and their effect on bioprinted structures. BioNanoMaterials2016; 17: 193–204.
92.
Hernández-SosaARamírez-JiménezRARojoL, et al.Optimization of the Rheological Properties of Self-Assembled Tripeptide/Alginate/Cellulose Hydrogels for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 2229. DOI: 10.3390/polym14112229.
93.
DávilaJLd’ÁvilaMA. Rheological evaluation of Laponite/alginate inks for 3D extrusion-based printing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2019; 101: 675–686.
94.
BertuolaMAráozBGilabertU, et al.Gelatin–alginate–hyaluronic acid inks for 3D printing: effects of bioglass addition on printability, rheology and scaffold tensile modulus. J Mater Sci2021; 56: 15327–15343.
95.
OuyangLYaoRZhaoY, et al.Effect of bioink properties on printability and cell viability for 3D bioplotting of embryonic stem cells. Biofabrication2016; 8: 1–12.
96.
KaneSNMishraADuttaAK. Preface: international conference on recent trends in physics (ICRTP 2016). J Phys Conf Ser2016; 755: 13–14. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/755/1/011001.
97.
HuaSMaHLiX, et al.pH-sensitive sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel beads prepared by combined Ca2+ crosslinking and freeze-thawing cycles for controlled release of diclofenac sodium. Int J Biol Macromol2010; 46: 517–523.
98.
BaigorriaECanoLSapagK, et al.Removal efficiency of As (III) from aqueous solutions using natural and Fe(III) modified bentonites. Environ Technol2022; 43: 3728–3741.
99.
FridaERahmatFBukitA, et al.Analysis structure and morphology of bentonite-opba. 2022; 20: 117–125.
100.
FridaEBukitNBukitFRA, et al.Preparation and characterization of Bentonite-OPBA nanocomposite as filler. J Phys Conf Ser2022; 2165: 012023. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2165/1/012023.
101.
BukitNGintingEMFridaE, et al.Physical analysis of TiO2and bentonite nanocomposite as adsorbent materials. Rev Adv Mater Sci2021; 60: 912–920.
102.
IranmaneshPGowdiniMKhademiA, et al.Bioprinting of three-dimensional scaffold based on alginate-gelatin as soft and hard tissue regeneration. J Mater Res Technol2021; 14: 2853–2864.
103.
Baigorria a BEdosCSSSdeCMRM, et al.Nanocomposite hydrogels 3D printed for application in water remediation. Mater Today Chem2023; 30: 1–14.
104.
IlhanECesurSGulerE, et al.Development of Satureja cuneifolia-loaded sodium alginate/polyethylene glycol scaffolds produced by 3D-printing technology as a diabetic wound dressing material. Int J Biol Macromol2020; 161: 1040–1054.
105.
CesurSOktarFNEkrenN, et al.Preparation and characterization of electrospun polylactic acid/sodium alginate/orange oyster shell composite nanofiber for biomedical application. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society2020; 56: 533–543.
106.
WuYLiangJRensingK, et al.Extracellular matrix reorganization during cryo preparation for scanning electron microscope imaging of staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Microsc Microanal2014; 20: 1348–1355.
107.
KochMWłodarczyk-BiegunMK. Faithful scanning electron microscopic (SEM) visualization of 3D printed alginate-based scaffolds. Bioprinting2020; 20: e00098.
108.
DinițăANeacșaAPortoacăAI, et al.Additive manufacturing post-processing treatments, a review with emphasis on mechanical characteristics. Materials2023; 16: 4610.
109.
GopalakannanVPeriyasamySViswanathanN. One pot eco-friendly synthesis of highly dispersed alumina supported alginate biocomposite for efficient chromium(VI) removal. Journal of Water Process Engineering2016; 10: 113–119.
110.
ShaariNKamarudinSK. Sodium alginate/alumina composite biomembrane preparation and performance in DMFC application. Polym Test2020; 81: 106183.
111.
FijoNAguilar-SánchezAMathewAP. 3D-printable biopolymer-based materials for water treatment: a review. Chem Eng J2022; 430: 132964. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132964.
112.
YuanJYiCJiangH, et al.Direct ink writing of hierarchically porous cellulose/alginate monolithic hydrogel as a highly effective adsorbent for environmental applications. ACS Appl Polym Mater2021; 3: 699–709.
113.
FuxiangSNaWQiangqiangZ, et al.3D printing calcium alginate adsorbents for highly efficient recovery of U (VI) in acidic conditions. J Hazard Mater2022; 440: 129774. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129774.
114.
RashedySHAbd El HafezMSMDarMA, et al.Evaluation and characterization of alginate extracted from brown seaweed collected in the red sea, 11. Switzerland: Applied Sciences. 2021. DOI: 10.3390/app11146290.
115.
FermaniMPlataniaVKavasiR, et al.Applied sciences 3D-printed scaffolds from alginate/methyl cellulose/trimethyl chitosan/silicate glasses for bone tissue engineering.
116.
ShantoPCParkSParkM, et al.Physico-biological evaluation of 3D printed dECM/TOCN/alginate hydrogel based scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. Biomater Adv2023; 145: 213239. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213239.
117.
AthirasalaATahayeriAThrivikramanG, et al.A dentin-derived hydrogel bioink for 3D bioprinting of cell laden scaffolds for regenerative dentistry. Biofabrication2018; 10: 024101. DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa9b4e.
118.
GlukhovaSAMolchanovVSChesnokovYM, et al.Green nanocomposite gels based on binary network of sodium alginate and percolating halloysite clay nanotubes for 3D printing. Carbohydr Polym; 2022. vol. 282. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119106.
119.
FabryantyRValenciaCSoetaredjoFE, et al.Removal of crystal violet dye by adsorption using bentonite – alginate composite. J Environ Chem Eng2017; 5: 5677–5687.
120.
MohammadpourZKharazihaMZarrabiA. 3D-Printing of silk nanofibrils reinforced alginate for soft tissue engineering. Pharmaceutics2023; 15: 763.
121.
SathishPBGayathriSPriyankaJ, et al.Tricomposite gelatin-carboxymethylcellulose-alginate bioink for direct and indirect 3D printing of human knee meniscal scaffold. Int J Biol Macromol2022; 195: 179–189.
122.
ZhangKWangYWeiQ, et al.Design and fabrication of sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose sodium blend hydrogel for artificial skin. Gels2021; 7: 115. DOI: 10.3390/gels7030115.
123.
FroelichAJakubowskaEWojtyłkoM, et al.Alginate-based materials loaded with nanoparticles in wound healing. Pharmaceutics2023; 15: 1142. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041142.
ParkSMKimHWParkHJ. Callus-based 3D printing for food exemplified with carrot tissues and its potential for innovative food production. J Food Eng2020; 271: 109781.
130.
DonnPPrietoMAMejutoJC, et al.Functional foods based on the recovery of bioactive ingredients from food and algae by-products by emerging extraction technologies and 3D printing. Food Biosci2022; 49: 101853.
131.
LiuYTangTDuanS, et al.Effects of sodium alginate and rice variety on the physicochemical characteristics and 3D printing feasibility of rice paste. Lwt2020; 127: 109360.
132.
AbdullahNASMohamadZKhanZI, et al.Alginate based sustainable films and composites for packaging: a review. Chem Eng Trans2021; 83: 271–276.
133.
SonayeSYErtugralEGKothapalliCR, et al.Extrusion 3D (Bio)Printing of alginate-gelatin-based composite scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Materials2022; 15: 7945. DOI: 10.3390/ma15227945.
134.
HutmacherDW. Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials: Silver Jubilee Compendium2000; 21: 175–189.
