This article examines Directive (EU) 2024/1226, adopted in April 2024, which harmonises the definition of criminal offences and penalties for various violations of EU restrictive measures, including their circumvention. It situates the Directive within the broader legal landscape of EU sanctions enforcement, traditionally marked by fragmentation because of Member States’ divergent approaches. The paper analyses two core innovations: the harmonisation of offences and penalties, and the establishment of a formal cooperation mechanism between Member States, the Commission, Europol, Eurojust and the European Public Prosecutor’s Office. While the Directive represents a significant step towards consistency and deterrence, it also raises critical challenges, including the definitional vagueness of ‘serious negligence’, the resource-intensive burden of proving intent, and the limitations of existing institutional competences. Moreover, questions remain about its capacity to address evolving circumvention tactics and the degree of Member State engagement in cross-border cooperation. The article concludes that Directive 2024/1226 offers a valuable foundation for countering circumvention but highlights that its success depends on adequate resources, transparency and political will to balance national sovereignty with effective supranational enforcement.
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