Diagnostic Imaging of Vertebral Metastases

Abrams HL : The vertebral and azygos venous systems and some variations in systemic venous return. Radiology 69: 508–526, 1957.

Abrams HL Spiro R Goldstein N : Metastases in carcinoma. Analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer 74–85, 1950.

Adapon BD Legada BD Lim EVA : CT-guided closed biopsy of the spine. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5: 73–78, 1981.

Von Allgayer B Flierdt E Gumppenberg S : Die Kernspintomographie im Vergleich zur Skelettszintigraphie nach traumatischen Wirbelkörperfrakturen. Fortschr Röntgenstr 152: 677–681, 1990.

Algra PR Bloem JH Valk J : Loss of visibility of the basivertebral vein; a new MR sign of diffuse bone marrow disease. Am J Radiol 157: 1129–1130, 1991.

Algra PR Bloem JL Verboom LJ : MRI vs scintigraphy in the detection of vertebral metastases. Radiographics 11: 219–232, 1991.

Algra PR Bloem JL Verboom L : Detection of vertebral metastases; MRI versus bone scintigraphy. Preliminary results. Proceedings Tissue characterization in MR imaging. Higer and Bielke eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1990. ISBN 3-540-51532-1.

Anderson RK : Diodrast studies of the vertebral and cranial venous system to show their probable role in the spread of metastases. J Neurosurg 8: 411–422, 1951.

Arcangeli G Micheli A Arcangeli G : The responsiveness of bone metastases to radiotherapy: The effect of site, histology and radiation dose on pain relief. Radiotherapy and Oncology 14: 95–101, 1989.

Ardran GM : Bone destruction not demonstrable by radiography. Brit J Radiol 24: 107–109, 1951.

Asdourian PL Weidenbaum M Dewald RL : The pattern of vertebral involvement in metastatic vertebral breast cancer. Clin Orthop 250: 164–170, 1990.

Avrahami E Tachmor R Dally O : Early MR demonstration of spinal metastases in patients with normal radiographs, CT and radionuclide bone scans. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13: 598–602, 1989.

Baker LL Goodman SB Perkash I : Benign versus pathologic compression fractures of vertebral bodies: Assessment with conventional spin echo, chemical shift, and STIR MR imaging. Radiology 174: 495–502, 1990.

Barcena A Lobato RD Rivas JJ : Spinal metastatic disease: Analysis of factors determining functional prognosis and the choice of treatment. Neurosurgery 15: 820–827, 1984.

Batson OV : The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the spread of metastases. Ann Surg 112: 138–149, 1940.

Batson OV : The role of the vertebral veins in metastatic processes. Ann Intern Med 16: 38–45, 1942.

Batson OV : The vertebral vein system. Am J Radiol 78: 195–212, 1957.

Batson OV : The Valsalva manoeuver and the vertebral vein system. Angiology 11: 443–447, 1960.

Black P : Spinal metastasis. Current status and recomended guidelines for treatment. Neurosurg 5: 726–746, 1979.

Blomqvist C Elommaa I Virkunnen P : The response evaluation of bone metastases in mammary carcinoma. The value of radiology, scintigraphy and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Cancer 60: 2907–2912, 1987.

Boesen J Johnsen A Helweg-Larsen S : Diagnostic value of spinal computer tomography in patients with intraspinal metastases causing complete block on myelography. Acta radiologica 32: 1–2, 1991.

Boring CC Squires TS Tong T : Cancer statistics. Ca 42: 19–38, 1992.

Brunning RD Bloomfield CD McKenna RW : Bilateral trephine bone marrow biopsies in lymphoma and other neoplastic disease. Ann Intern Med 82: 365–366, 1975.

Caner B Kitapçl M Unlü M : Technetium 99-m-MIBI uptake in benign and malignant bone lesions: A comparative study with Tc-99m-MDP. J Nucl Med 33: 319–324, 1992.

Caner BE Ercan MT Bekdik CF : Visualization of bone pathologies and lung cancer with 99m-Tc-glucose phosphate: A comparative study. Nuklear Medizin 30: 132–136, 1991.

Carmody RF Yang PJ Seeley GW : Spinal cord compression due to metastatic disease: Diagnosis with MR imaging versus myelography. Radiology 173: 225–229, 1989.

Castillo M Malko JA Hoffman JC : The bright intervertebral disk, an indirect sign of abnormal spinal bone marrow on T1-weighted MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 11: 23–26, 1990.

Chadwick DJ Gillat DA Mukerjee A : Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal metastases. J Royal Soc Med 84: 196–200, 1991.

Citrin DL Hougen C Zweibel W : The use of serial bone scans in assessing response of bone metastases to systemic treatment. Cancer 47: 680–685, 1981.

Citrin DL Bessent RG Greig WR : A comparison of the sensitivity and accuracy of the 99m-Tc phosphate bone scan and skeletal radiograph in the diagnosis of bone metastases. Clin Radiol 28: 107–117, 1977.

Colletti PM Dang HT Deseran MW : Spinal MR imaging in suspected metastases: Correlation with skeletal scintigraphy. Magn Reson Imag 9: 349–355, 1991.

Colman LK Porter BE Redmond J : Early diagnosis of spinal metastases by CT and MR studies. J Comput Assist Tomog 12: 423–426, 1988.

Coman DR De Long RP : Role of the vertebral venous system in the metastasis of cancer to the spinal column. Experiments with tumor cell suspensions in rats and rabbits. Cancer 4: 610–618, 1951.

Coombes RC Dady P Parsons C : Assessment of response of bone metastases to systemic treatment in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 52: 610–614, 1983.

Corbett R Olliff J Fairley N : A prospective comparison between magnetic resonance imaging, meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy and marrow histology / cytology in neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 27: 1560–1564, 1991.

Crone-Mnzebrock W Carl UM : Dual energy CT scan quantification of recalcification in osteolysis of the vertebral body due to mammary carcinomas in the course of antineoplastic treatment. Clin Expl Metastasis 8: 173–179, 1990.

Custer RP Ahlfeldt FE : Studies on the structure and function of bone marrow. Variations in cellularity in various bones with advancing years of life and their relative response to stimuli. J Lab & Clin Med 17: 951–962, 1932.

Daffner RH Lupetin AR Dash N : MRI in detection of malignant infiltration of bone marrow. Am J Radiol 146: 353–358, 1986.

Datz F Taylor F : The clinical use of radionuclide bone marrow imaging. Semin Nucl Med 15: 239–259, 1985.

Dawson KL Moore SG Rowland JM : Age-related marrow changes in the pelvis: MR and anatomic findings. Radiology 183: 47–51, 1992.

Dooms GC Fisher MR Hricak H : Bone marrow imaging: MR studies related to age and sex. Radiology 155: 429–432, 1985.

Dodds PR Caride VJ Lytton B : The role of vertebral veins in the dissemination of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 126: 753–755, 1981.

Drury RAB Palmer PH Highman WJ : Carcinomatous metastasis to the vertebral bodies. J Clin Pathol 17: 448–457, 1964.

Dunn RC Kelley WA Wohns RNW : Spinal epidural neoplasia. A 15-year review of the results of surgical therapy. J Neurosurg 52: 47–51, 1980.

du Boulay GH Hawkes S Lee CC : Comparing the cost of spinal MR with conventional myelography and radiculography. Neuroradiology 32: 124–136, 1990.

Edelson RN Chernik NL Posner JB : Spinal subdural hematomas complicating lumbar puncture. Arch Neurol 31: 134–137, 1974.

Edelstyn GA Gillespie PJ Grebell FS : The radiological demonstration of osseous metastases; experimental observations. Clin Radiol 18: 158–162, 1967.

Evans Galasko CSB Ward C : Does myeloma secrete an osteoblast inhibiting factor? J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 288–290, 1989.

Ewing J : Metastasis. Neoplastic diseases. A textbook on tumors. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1928 (3rd ed): 77–89.

Fidler MW : Anterior decompression and stabilisation of metastatic spinal fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 68: 83–90, 1986.

Fidler MW : Pathological fracture of the cervical spine. Palliative surgical treatment. J Bone Joint Surg 67: 352–357, 1985.

Findlay CFG : Adverse effects of the management of malignant spinal cord compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47: 761–768, 1984.

Findlay CFG : The role of vertebral body collapse in the management of malignant spinal cord compression J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 151–154, 1987.

Fornasier VL Home JG : Metastases to the vertebral column. Cancer 36: 590–595, 1975.

Fornasier VL Czitrom AA : Collapsed vertebrae. A review of 659 autopsies. Clin Orthop Rel Res 131: 261–265, 1978.

Frager D Elkin C Swerdlow M : Subacute osteoporotic compression fracture: Misleading magnetic resonance appearance. Skeletal Radiol 17: 123–126, 1988.

Fraser-Hill MA Renfrew DL : Percutaneous needle biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions. Cost-effectiveness. Am J Radiol 158: 813–818, 1992.

Fraser-Hill MA Renfrew DL Hilsenrath PE : Percutaneous needle biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions. Effective accuracy and diagnostic utility. Am J Radiol 158: 809–812, 1992.

Galasko CSB : Incidence and distribution of skeletal metastases. In: Skeletal metastases. Galasko CSB (ed). Butterworths & Co Publishers LTD. London 1986: 14–21.

Galasko CSB : Detection of skeletal metastases. In: Skeletal metastases. Galasko CSB (ed). Butterworth & Co Publishers LTD. London 1986: 52–87.

Galasko CSB : The pathologic basis for skeletal scintigraphy. J Bone JT Surg 57: 353–359, 1975.

Galasko CSB : Mechanisms of bone destruction in the development of skeletal metastases. Nature 263: 507–508, 1976.

Harrington KD : Anterior cord decompression and spinal stabilization for patients with metastatic lesions of the spine. J Neurosurg 61: 107–117, 1984.

Harrington KD : Anterior decompression and stabilization of the spine as a treatment for vertebral collapse and spinal cord compression from metastatic malignancy. Clin Ortop Rel Res 233: 177–197, 1988.

Helms CA Cann CE Brunelle FO : Detection of bone-marrow metastases using quantitative computed tomography. Radiology 140: 745–750, 1981.

Helweg-Larsen S Rasmusson B Sørensen PS : Recovery of gait after radiotherapy in paralytic patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. Neurology 40: 1234–1236, 1990.

Hendrickson FR Shehata WM Kirchner AB : Radiation therapy for osseous metastasis. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1: 275–278, 1976.

Hermann G Rose JS : CT in bone and soft tissue pathology of the extremities. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3: 58–66, 1979.

Hermann G Herman P : Computerized tomography of the spine in metastatic disease. Mount Sinai J Med 49: 400–405, 1982.

Hermann G Rose JS Strauss L : Tumor infitration of the bone marrow: Comparative study using computed tomography. Skeletal Radiology 11: 17–21, 1984.

Hilz MJ Huk W Schellmann B : Fatal complications after myelography with meglumine diatrizoate. Neuroradiology 32: 70–73, 1990.

Hollis PH Malis HI Zapulla RA : Neurological deterioration after lumbar puncture below complete spinal subarachnoidal block. J Neurosurg 64: 253–256, 1986.

Van Holten-Verzantvoort AT Bijvoet OLM Hermans J : Reduced morbidity from skeletal metastases in breast cancer patients during long term biphosphonate treatment. Lancet 11: 983–985, 1987.

Horowitz S Fine M Azar-Kia B : Differentiation of benign versus metastatic vertebral body compression fractures. Neuroradiology 33: 114–116, 1991.

Jacobson AF Stomper PC Cronin EB : Bone scans with one or two new abnormalities in cancer patients with no known metastases: Reliability of interpretation of initial correlative radiographs. Radiology 174: 503–507, 1990.

Jacobson AF Cronin EB Stomper PC : Bone scans with one or two new abnormalities in cancer patients with no known metastases: Frequency and serial scintigraphic behaviour of benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 175: 229–232, 1990.

Jelinek JS Redmond J Perry JJ : Small cell lung cancer; staging with MR imaging. Radiology 177: 837–842, 1990.

Jenkins JPR Stehling M Sivewright G : Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of vertebral bodies: A T1 and T2 study. Magn Reson Imaging 7: 17–23, 1989.

Johnston AD : Pathology of metastatic tumors in bone. Clin Orthop 73: 8–32, 1970.

Kamby C Guldhammer B Vejborg I : The presence of tumor cells in bone marrow at the time of first recurrence of breast cancer. Cancer 60: 1306–1312, 1987.

Kamby C Vejborg I Daugaard : Clinical and radiological characteristics of bone metastases in breast cancer. Cancer 60: 2524–2531, 1987.

Kattapuram SV Rosenthal DI : Percutaneous biopsy of the cervical spine using CT guidance. Am J Radiol 149: 539–541, 1987.

Kattapuram SV Khurana JS Scott JA : Negative scintigraphy with positive magnetic resonance imaging in bone metastases. Skeletal Radiol 19: 113–116, 1990.

Kim RY Spencer SA Meredith RF : Extradural spinal cord compression: Analysis of factors determining functional prognosis- prospective study. Radiology 176: 279–282, 1990.

Kricun ME : Red-yellow marrow conversion: Its effect on the location of some solitary bone lesions. Skeletal radiol 14: 10–19, 1985.

Manabe S Tanaka H Higo Y : Experimental analysis of the spinal cord compressed by spinal metastasis. Spine 14: 1308–1315, 1989.

Maranzano E Latini P Checcaglini F : Radiation therapy in metastatic spinal cord compression. A prospective analysis of 105 consecutive patients. Cancer 67: 1311–1317, 1991.

Le Blanc AD Schonfeld E Schneider VS : The spine: Change in T2-relaxation times from disuse. Radiology 169: 105–107, 1988.

Marton KI Gean AD : The spinal tap: A new look at an old test. Ann Intern Med 104: 840–848, 1986.

Moore SG Dawson KL : Red and yellow marrow in the femur: Age related changes in appearance at MR imaging. Radiology 175: 219–223, 1990.

Munz DL Sandrock D : Comparison of immunoscintigraphy and colloid scintigraphy of bone marrow. Lancet 28: 258–259, 1990.

Murphy WA Destouet JM Gilula LA : Percutaneous skeletal biopsy 1981: A procedure for radiologists. Results, review, and recommendations. Radiology 139: 545–549, 1981.

Nicolson GL : Organ specifity of tumor metastasis; role of preferential adhesion, invasion and growth of malignant cells at specific secondary sites. Cancer Metastasis Rev 7: 143–188, 1988.

Paget S : The distribution of the secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1: 571–573, 1889.

Petrén-Mallmin M Nordström B Andréasson I : MR imaging with histopathological correlation in vertebral metastases of breast cancer. Acta Radiol 33: 213–220, 1992.

v Recklinghausen F : Ueber die venöse embolie und den retrograden transport in den venen und in den lymphgefässen. Virchows Arch 100: 503–539, 1885.

Renfrew DL Whitten CG Wiese JA : CT-guided percutaneous transpedicular biopsy of the spine. Radiology 180: 574–576, 1991.

Reske SN : Recent advances in bone marrow scanning. Eur J Nucl Med 18: 203–221, 1991.

Ricci R Cova M Kang YS : Normal age-related patterns of cellular and fatty bone marrow distribution in the axial skeleton: MR imaging study. Radiology 177: 83–88, 1990.

Richards MA Webb JAW Jewell SE : In vivo measurements of spin lattice relaxation time of bone marrow in healthy volunteers: The effect of age and sex. Brit J Rad 61: 30–33, 1988.

Robertson HJ Smith RD : Cervical myelography: Survey of modes of practice and major complications. Radiology 174: 79–83, 1990.

Rodichok LD Ruckdeschel JC Harper GR : Early detection and treatment of spinal epidural metastases: The role of myelography. Ann Neurol 20: 696–702, 1986.

Rodichok LD Harper GR Ruckdeschel JC : Early diagnosis of spinal epidural metastases. Am J Med 70: 1181–1188, 1981.

Rosati G di Priolo Leto S Tirone P : Serious or fatal complications after inadvertent administration of ionic water-soluble contrast media in myelography. Eur J Rad 15: 95–100, 1992.

Salazar OM Rubin P Hendrickson FR : Single dose half-body irradiation for the palliation of multplie bone metastases from solid tumors. Int J Rad Onc Biol Phys 7: 773–781, 1981.

Van Der Sande JJ Kroger R Boogerd W : Multiple spinal epidural metastases; an unexpectedly frequent finding. J Neurol, Neurosurg, Psych 53: 1001–1003, 1990.

Sartoris DJ Clopton P Nemcek A : Vertebral body collapse in focal and diffuse disease: Patterns of pathologic processes. Radiology 160: 479–483, 1986.

Scheid V Buzdar AU Smith TL : Clinical course of breast cancer patients with osseous metastasis treated with combination chemotherapy. Cancer 58: 2589–2593, 1986.

Sherry MM Greco FA Johnson DH : Breast cancer with skeletal metastases at initial diagnosis. Distinctive clinical characteristics and favorable prognosis. Cancer 58: 178–182, 1986.

Siegal T Siegal T Robin G : Anterior decompression of the spine for metastatic epidural cord compression: A promising avenue of therapy? Ann Neurol 11: 28–34, 1982.

Siegal T Siegal T : Current considerations in the management of neoplastic spinal cord compression. Spine 14: 223–228, 1989.

Stevens SK Moore SG Amylon MD : Repopulation of marrow after transplantation: MR imaging with pathologic correlation. Radiology 175: 213–218, 1990.

Subramaniam G McAfee JG : A new complex of 99mTc polyphosphate for skeletal imaging. Radiology 99: 192–196, 1971.

Sundaresan N DiGiacinto GV Hughes JEO : Surgical treatment of spinal metastases. Clin Neurosurg 33: 503–522, 1986.

Tikkakoski T Lähde S Puranen J : Combined CT-guided biopsy and cytology in diagnosis of bony lesions. Acta Rad 33: 225–229, 1992.

Tokuhashi Y Matsuzaki H Toriyama S : Scoring system for the preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. Spine 15: 1110–1113, 1990.

Vecht ChJ Haaxma-Reiche Van Putten WLJ : Initial bolus of conventional versus high-dose dexamethasone in metastatic spinal cord compression. Neurology 39: 1255–1257, 1989.

Weinreb JC : MR imaging of bone marrow: A map could help. Radiology 177: 23–24, 1990.

Whitehouse JMA : Site dependent response to chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. J R Soc Med 78: 15–21, 1985.

Widding A Stilbo I Hansen SW : Scintigraphy with nanocolloid Tc99m in patients with small cell lung cancer, with special reference to bone marrow and hepatic metastases. Eur J Nucl Med 16: 717–719, 1990.

Willis RA : The spread of tumours in the human body. Butterworths & Co. 3rd ed. 1973. Great Britain.

Yamashita K Uedfa T Komatsubara Y : Breast cancer with bone-only metastases. Cancer 68: 634–637, 1991.