The Pathoanatomic Basis of Somatic,Autonomic and Neurogenic Syndromes Originating in the Lumbosacral Spine

Bogduk N Tynan W Wilson AS : The nerve supply to the human lumbar intervertebral discs. J Anat 132: 39–56, 1981.

Bogduk N : The innervation of the lumbar spine. Spine 8: 286–293, 1983.

Edgar MA Ghadially JA : Innervation of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop 115: 35–41, 1976.

Groen GJ Baljet B Drukker J : Nerves and nerve plexuses of the human vertebral column. Am J Anat 188: 282–296, 1990.

Jackson HC Winkelman RK Bickel WH : Nerve endings in the human lumbar spinal column and related structures. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 48-A: 1272–1281, 1966.

Lundborg G Dahlin LB : Pathophysiology of nerve compression. In: Szabo RM (ed): Nerve Compression Syndromes. Thorofare, NJ, Slack, Inc., 1989: 15.

Paris SV : Anatomy as related to function and pain. Orthop Clin North Am 14: 475–489, 1983.

Wiberg G : Back pain in relation to the nerve supply of the intervertebral disc. Acta Orthop Scand 19: 211–221, 1949.

Wyke B : The neurology of low back pain. In: Jayson MIV (ed): The lumbar spine and back pain. Churchill-Livingstone, New York 1987: 56–99.

Auteroche P : Innervation of the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine. Anat Clin 5: 17–28, 1983.

Bogduk N Wilson AS Tynan W : The human lumbar dorsal rami. J Anat 134: 383–397, 1982.

Bogduk N Long DM : The anatomy of the so-called «articular nerves» and their relationship to facet denervation in the treatment of low-back pain. J Neurosurg 51: 172–177, 1979.

Murphy RW : Nerve roots and spinal nerves in degenerative disk disease. Clin Orthop Related Res 129: 46–60, 1977.

Bogduk N : Lumbar dorsal ramus syndrome. Med J Aust 2: 537–541, 1980.

Dass R : Sympathetic components of the dorsal primary divisions of human spinal nerves. Anat Rec 113: 493–501, 1952.

Pedersen HE Blunck CFJ Gardner E : The anatomy of lumbosacral posterior rami and meningeal branches of spinal nerves (sinu-vertebral nerves). J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 38-A: 377–391, 1956.

Stilwell DL : The nerve supply of the vertebral column and its associated structures in the monkey. Anat Rec 125: 139–169, 1956.

Jinkins JR Whittemore AR Bradley WG : The anatomic basis of vertebrogenic pain and the autonomic syndrome associated with lumbar disk extrusion. Am J Neuroradiol 10: 219–231, 1989; Am J Radiol 152: 1277–1289, 1989.

Kaplan EB : Recurrent meningeal branch of the spinal nerves. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 8: 108–109, 1947.

Inman VT Saunders JB de C : Referred Pain from skeletal structures. J Nerv Ment Dis 99: 660–667, 1944.

Parke WW : Development of the spine. In: Rothman RH Simeone FA (eds): The Spine. Saunders, Philadelphia 1982: 1–17.

Mooney V Robertson J : The facet syndrome. CLin Orthop 115: 149–156, 1976.

Devor M Rappaport ZH : Pain and the pathophysiology of damaged nerve. In: Fields HL (ed): Pain syndromes in neurology. Butterworths, Boston 1990: 47–83.

Groen GJ Baljet B Drukker J : The innervation of the spinal dura mater: Anatomy and clinical implications. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 92: 39–46, 1988.

Gray H : Anatomy of the human body. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1985: 1251–1254, 1264–1265.

Ruch TC : Pathophysiology of pain. In: Ruch TC Patton HD , eds. Physiology and biophysics. Saunders, Philadelphia 1982: 508–531.

Cervero F : Visceral nociception: Peripheral and central aspects of visceral nociceptive systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 8: 325–337, 1985.

Willis WD Grossman RG : The spinal cord. In: Medical neurobiology. Mosby, St. Louis 1973: 80–115.

Willis WD Grossman RG : Sensory systems. In: Medical neurobiology. Mosby, St. Louis 1973: 227–272.

Hannington-Kiff J : The modulation of pain. In: Helfet AJ Lee DMG (eds): Disorders of the lumbar spine. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia 1978: 120–136.

Bahr R Blumberg H Janig W : Do dichotomizing afferent fibers exist which supply visceral organs as well as somatic structures? A contribution to the problem of referred pain. Neurosci Lett 24: 25–28, 1981.

Dalsgaard CJ Ygge J : Separate populations of primary sensory neurons project to the splanchnic nerve and thoracic spinal nerve rami of the rat. Med Biol 63: 88–91, 1985.

Pierau F Fellmer G Taylor DCM : Somato-visceral convergence in cat dorsal root ganglion neurones demonstrated by double-labelling with fluorescent tracers. Brain Res 321: 63–70, 1984.

Janig W : The autonomic nervous system. In: Schmidt RF (ed): Fundamentals of neurophysiology. Springer-Verlag, New York 1985: 216–269.

Jenkins TW : Physiology of spinal nerves. In: Functional mammalian neuroanatomy. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1978: 107–133.

Feinstein B Langton JNK Jameson RM : Experiments on pain referred from deep somatic tissues. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 36-A: 981–997, 1954.

Hockaday JM Whitty CW : Patterns of referred pain in the normal subject. Brain 90: 482–496, 1967.

Seltzer Z Devor M : Ephaptic transmission in chronically damaged peripheral nerves. Neurology 29: 1061–1064, 1979.

Dahlin LB Rydevik Lundborg G : Pathophysiology of nerve entrapmentsand nerve compression injuries. In: Hargens AR (ed): Tissue Nutrition and Viability. Springer-Verlag, New York 1986: 135–160.

Jayson MIV : The role of vascular damage and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of nerve root damage. Clin Orthop Rel Res 279: 40–48, 1992.

Ochoa J : Nerve fiber pathology in acute and chronic compression. In: Omer GE Spinner M (eds): Management of Peripheral Nerve Problems. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1980: 487.

Gardner WJ : Cross talk — The paradoxical transmission of a nerve impulse. Arch Neurol 14: 149–156, 1966.

Rasminsky M : Ectopic generation of impulses and cross-talk in spinal nerve roots of «dystrophic» mice. Ann Neurol 3: 351–357, 1978.

Bostock H Sears TA : The internodal axon membrane: Electrical excitability and continuous conduction in segmental demyelination. J Physiol 280: 273–301, 1978.

Calvin WH Devor M Howe JF : Can neuralgias arise from minor demyelination? Spontaneous firing, mechanosensitivity, and after discharge from conducting axons. Experimental Neurology 75: 755–763, 1982.

Howe JF Calvin WH Loeser JD : Impulses reflected from dorsal root ganglia and from focal nerve injuries. Brain Res 116: 139–144, 1976.

Lehmann HJ Ule G : Electrophysiological findings and structural changes in circumspect inflammationof peripheral nerves. Prog Brain Res 6: 169–173, 1964.

Ramon F Joyner RW Moore JW : Ephaptic transmission in squid giant axons. Biophys J 16: 26a, 1976.

Rasminsky M : Physiology of conduction in demyelinated axons. In: Waxman SG (ed): The Physiology and Pathobiology of axons. Raven, New York 1978: 361–376.

Rasminsky M : Ectopic generation of impulses in pathological nerve fibers. In: Jewett DL McCarroll HR (eds): Nerve Repair and Regeneration — Its Clinical and Experimental Basis. Mosby, St. Louis 1989: 178–195.

Wall PD Waxman S Basbaum AL : Ongoing activity in peripheral nerve injury discharge. Exp Neurol 45: 576–589, 1974.

Wallis WE Van Poznak A Plum F : Generalized muscular stiffness, fasciculations and myokymia of peripheral nerve origin. Arch Neurol 22: 430–439, 1970.

Wettstein A : The origins of fasciculations in motoneuron disease. Neurology 27: 357–358, 1977.

Smyth MJ Wright VJ : Sciatica and the intervertebral disk. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg 40A: 1401–1418, 1958.

Howe JF Loeser JD Calvin WH : Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: A physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression. Pain 3: 25–41, 1977.

Wall PD Devor M : Sensory afferent impulses originate from dorsal root ganglia as well as from the periphery in normal and nerve injured rats. Pain 17: 321–339, 1983.