Congenital Malformations of the Spine and Spinal Cord

Tortori-Donati P Rossi A Cama A : Spinal dysraphism: A review of neuroradiological features with embryological correlations and proposal for a new classification. Neuroradiology 42: 471–491, 2000.

Tortori-Donati P Rossi A Biancheri R : Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal dysraphism. Top Magn Reson Imaging 12: 375–409, 2001.

Naidich TP Blaser SI Delman BN : Embryology of the spine and spinal cord. ASNR 2002: 3–13.

Nievelstein RAJ Hartwig NG Vermeji-Keers C : Embryonic development of the mammalian caudal neural tube. Teratology 48: 21–31, 1993.

Catala M : Genetic control of caudal development. Clin Genet 61: 89–96, 2002.

Warder DE : Tethered cord syndrome and occult spinal dysraphism. Neurosurg Focus (serial online). January 2001; 10: Article 1. Available at http://www.neurosurgery.org/focus/jan01/10-1-1.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2001.

Drolet B : Birthmarks to worry about. Cutaneous markers of dysraphism. Dermatol Clin 16: 447–453, 1998.

French BN : The embryology of spinal dysraphism. Clin Neurosurg 30: 295–340, 1983.

Sattar MT Bannister CM Turnbull IW : Occult spinal dysraphism - The common combination of lesions and the clinical manifestations in 50 patients. Eur J Pediatr Surg 6: 10–14, 1996.

Warder DE Oakes WJ .: Tethered cord syndrome and the conus in a normal position. Neurosurgery 33: 374–378, 1993.

Warder DE Oakes WJ : Tethered cord syndrome: The low-lying and normally positioned conus. Neurosurgery 34: 597–600, 1994.

Herman JM McLone DG Storrs BB : Analysis of 153 patients with myelomeningocele or spinal lipoma reoperated upon for a tethered cord. Pediatr Neurosurg 19: 243–249, 1993.

McLone DG Dias MS : Complications of myelomeningocele closure. Pediatr Neurosurg 17: 267–273, 1991–92.

Scott RM Wolpert SM Bartoshesky LF : Dermoid tumors occurring at the site of previous myelomeningocele repair. J Neurosurg 65: 779–783, 1986.

Tortori-Donati P Cama A Fondelli MP : Le malformazioni di Chiari. In: Tortori-Donati P Taccone A Longo M , eds. Malformazioni cranioencefaliche. Neuroradiologia. Turin: Minerva Medica 1996, 209–236.

Pang D Dias MS Ahab-Barmada M . Split cord malformation. Part I: A unified theory of embryogenesis for double spinal cord malformations. Neurosurgery 31: 451–480, 1992.

Breningstall GN Marker SM Tubman DE : Hydrosyringomyelia and diastematomyelia detected by MRI in myelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurol 8: 267–271, 1992.

Pang D : Split cord malformation. Part II: Clinical syndrome. Neurosurgery 31: 481–500, 1992.

Cama A Tortori-Donati P Piatelli GL : Chiari complex in children. Neuroradiological diagnosis, neurosurgical treatment and proposal of a new classification (312 cases). Eur J Pediatr Surg 5: 35–38, 1995.

McLone DG Knepper PA : The cause of Chiari II malformation: A unified theory. Pediatr Neurosci 15: 1–12, 1989.

Naidich TP McLone DG Fulling F : The Chiari II malformation. Part IV. The hindbrain deformity. Neuroradiology 25: 179–197, 1983.

Naidich TP McLone DG Mutleur S : A new understanding of dorsal dysraphism with lipoma (lipomyeloschisis): Radiological evaluation and surgical correction. Am J Neuroradiol 4: 103–116, 1983.

Pierre-Kahn A Zerah M Renier D : Congenital lumbosacral lipomas. Childs Nerv Syst 13: 298–334, 1997.

Knittle JL Timmers K Ginsberg-Fellner F : The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of adipose cell number and size. J Clin Invest 63: 269–246, 1979.

Catala M : Embryogenesis. Why do we need a new explanation for the emergence of spina bifida with lipoma? Childs Nerv Syst 13: 336–340, 1997.

Lee KS Gower DJ McWhorter JM : The role of MR imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of anterior sacral meningocele. Report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg 69: 628–631, 1988.

Byrd SE Harvey C Darling CF : MR of terminal myelocystoceles. Eur J Radiol 20: 215–220, 1995.

McLone DG Naidich TP : Terminal myelocystocele. Neurosurgery 16: 36–43, 1985.

Peacock WJ Murovic JA : Magnetic resonance imaging in myelocystoceles. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 70: 804–807, 1989.

Carey JC Greenbaum B Hall BD : The OEIS complex (omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal defects). Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 14: 253–263, 1978.

Smith NM Chambers HM Furness ME : The OEIS complex om phalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus - spinal defects: Recurrence in sibs. J Med Genet 29: 730–732, 1992.

Tortori-Donati P Cama A Rosa ML : Occult spinal dysraphism: Neuroradiological study. Neuroradiology 31: 512–522, 1990.

Raghavan N Barkovich AJ Edwards M : MR imaging in the tethered spinal cord syndrome. Am J Neuroradiol 10: 27–36, 1989.

Brown E Matthes JC Bazan C 3rd : Prevalence of incidental intraspinal lipoma of the lumbosacral spine as determined by MRI. Spine 19: 833–836, 1994.

Uchino A Mori T Ohno M : Thickened fatty filum terminale: MR imaging. Neuroradiology 33: 331–333, 1991.

Yundt KD Park TS Kaufman BA : Normal diameter of filum terminale in children: In vivo measurement. Pediatr Neurosurg 27: 257–259, 1997.

Scotti G Harwood-Nash DC : Congenital thoracic dermal sinus: Diagnosis by computer assisted metrizamide myelography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 675–677, 1980.

Barkovich AJ Edwards MSB Cogen PH : MR evaluation of spinal dermal sinus tracts in children. Am J Neuroradiol 12: 123–129, 1991.

Weprin BE Oakes WJ : Coccygeal pits. Pediatrics 105: E69, 2000.

Elton S Oakes WJ : Dermal sinus tracts of the spine. Neurosurg Focus (serial online). January 2001; 10: Article 4. Available at: http://www.neurosurgery.org/focus/jan01/10-1-4.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2003.

Kernohan JW . The ventriculus terminalis: Its growth and development. J Comp Neurol 38: 10–125, 1924.

Coleman LT Zimmerman RA Rorke LB : Ventriculus terminalis of the conus medullaris: MR findings in children. Am J Neuroradiol 16: 1421–1426, 1995.

Sigal R Denys A Halimi P Shapeero L : Ventriculus terminalis of the conus medullaris: MR imaging in four patients with congenital dilatation. Am J Neuroradiol 12: 733–737, 1991.

Dias MS Walker ML : The embryogenesis of complex dysraphic malformations: A disorder of gastrulation? Pediatr Neurosurg 18: 229–253, 1992.

Prop N Frensdorf EL : A postvertebral endodermal cyst associated with axial deformities: A case showing the «endodermal-ectodermal adhesion syndrome». Pediatrics 39: 555–562, 1967.

Faris JC Crowe JE : The split notochord syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 10: 467–472, 1975.

Naidich TP Harwood-Nash DC : Diastematomyelia. Part I. Hemicords and meningeal sheaths. Single and double arachnoid and dural tubes. Am J Neuroradiol 4: 633–636, 1983.

Schlesinger AE Naidich TP Quencer RM : Concurrent hydromyelia and diastematomyelia. Am J Neuroradiol 7: 473–477, 1986.

Tortori-Donati P Fondelli MP Rossi A : Anomalie congenite del midollo spinale. In: Simonetti G Del Maschio A Bartolozzi C Passariello R , eds. Trattato Italiano di Risonanza Magnetica. Naples: Idelson-Gnocchi 1998, 517–553.

Tortori-Donati P Fondelli MP Rossi A : Segmental spinal dysgenesis. Neuroradiologic findings with clinical and embryologic correlation. Am J Neuroradiol 20: 445–456, 1999.

Duhamel B : From the mermaid to anal imperforation: The syndrome of caudal regression. Arch Dis Child 36: 152–155, 1961.

Currarino G Coln D Votteler T : Triad of anorectal, sacral, and presacral anomalies. Am J Roentgenol 137: 395–398, 1981.

Dias MS Azizkhan RG : A novel embryogenetic mechanism for Currarino's triad: Inadequate dorsoventral separation of the caudal eminence from hindgut endoderm. Pediatr Neurosurg 28: 223–229, 1988.

Gudinchet F Maeder P Laurent T : Magnetic resonance detection of myelodysplasia in children with Currarino triad. Pediatr Radiol 27: 903–907, 1997.

Pang D : Sacral agenesis and caudal spinal cord malformations. Neurosurgery 32: 755–779, 1993.

Nievelstein RAJ Valk J Smit LME : MR of the caudal regression syndrome: Embryologic implications. Am J Neuroradiol 15: 1021–1029, 1994.

Barkovich AJ Raghavan N Chuang SH : MR of lumbosacral agenesis. Am J Neuroradiol 10: 1223–1231, 1989***