La risonanza magnetica spettroscopica (MRS) è una tecnica non invasiva per la misura della concentrazione relativa di alcuni composti cerebrali. L'uso di questa tecnica nello studio delle malattie della materia bianca cerebrale ha apportato miglioramenti nella classificazione diagnostica e nelle misure relative all'andamento delle malattie.
Un uso più estensivo delle tecniche di risonanza multimodale, comprendenti tomografia RM, spettroscopia ed altre modalità non convenzionali, dovrebbe quindi essere incoraggiato. Ciò permetterà una miglior comprensione della complessa dinamica dei cambiamenti patologici nelle malattie della sostanza bianca ed una più accurata valutazione della progressione e della risposta alla terapia della malattia stessa.
ArnoldDLMatthewsPM: Practical aspects of clinical applications of MRS in the brain. In: YoungIRCharlesHC (eds): MR Spectroscopy: Clinical Applications and Techniques. Martin Dunitz, London1996: 139–159.
2.
ArnoldDLMatthewsPMDe StefanoN: MRI and proton MRS in the evaluation of multiple sclerosis, in Bachelard (ed): Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry. Plenum Press, New York1997: 267–288.
3.
ArnoldDLMatthewsPM: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for metabolic characterization of demyelinating plaques. Ann Neurol31: 235–241, 1992.
4.
AustinSJConnellyA: Localized 1H NMR spectroscopy in Canavan's disease: a report of two cases. Magn Reson Med19: 439–445, 1991.
5.
BrooksWMJungRE: Relationship between neurometabolite derangement and neurocognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol26: 81–85, 1999.
6.
BruhnHKruseB: Proton NMR spectroscopy of cerebral metabolic alterations in infantile peroxysomal disorders. J Comput Assist Tomogr16: 335–344, 1992.
7.
ChangLErnstT: Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia. Neurology53: 782–789, 1999.
8.
ChongWKSweeneyB: Proton spectroscopy of the brain in HIV infection: correlation with clinical, immunologic, and MR imaging findings. Radiology188: 119–124. 1993.
9.
ConstansJMMeyerhoffDJ: White matter signal changes, Normal aging, N-acetylaspartate, Ischemia, Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging: H-1 and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of white matter signal hypeintensity areas in elderly subjects. Neuroradiol37: 615–623, 1995.
10.
DavieCABarkerGJ: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of chronic cerebral white matter lesions and normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry63: 736–742, 1997.
11.
DavieCAHawkinsCP: Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain117: 49–58, 1994.
12.
DavieCASilverNC: Does the extent of axonal loss and demyelination from chronic lesions in multiple sclerosis correlate with the clinical subgroup?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry67: 710–715, 1999.
13.
De StefanoNNarayananS: In vivo evidence for axonal dysfunction remote from focal cerebral demyelination of the type seen in multiple sclerosis. Brain122: 1933–1939, 1999.
14.
De StefanoNDottiMT: Evidence for diffuse brain pathology and unspecific genetic characterization in a patient with an atypical form of adult-onset krabbe disease. J Neurol2000 (in press).
15.
De StefanoNFedericoAArnoldDL: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in brain white matter disorders. Ital J Neurol Sci18: 331–339, 1997.
16.
De StefanoNFedericoA: Axonal damage is a proximate cause of central nervous system impairment in patients with white matter disorders. Neurology50: A108, 1998.
17.
De StefanoNMatthewsPM: Chemical pathology of acute demyelinating lesions and its correlation with disability. Ann Neurol38: 901–909, 1995.
18.
De StefanoNMatthewsPMArnoldDL: Reversible decreases in N-acetylaspartate after acute brain injury. Magn Reson Med34: 721–727, 1995.
19.
De StefanoNMatthewsPM: Short-term dichloroacetate treatment improves indices of cerebral metabolism in patients with mitochondrial disorders. Neurology45: 1193–1198, 1995.
20.
De StefanoNMortillaM: Proton MR spectroscopic imaging of brain in patients with white matter abnormalities due to chronic vascular disorders. European Journal for Clinical Investigation29: 71, 1999.
21.
DoraiswamyPMCharlesHCKrishnanKR: Prediction of cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease [letter]. Lancet352: 1678, 1998.
22.
FriedmanSDStidleyCA: Brain injury and neurometabolic abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. Radiology209: 79–84, 1998.
23.
FuLMatthewsPM: Imaging axonal damage of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Brain121: 103–113, 1998.
24.
GroddWKrageloh-MannI: In vivo assessment of N-acetylaspartate in brain in spongy degeneration (Canavan's disease) by proton spectroscopy [letter]. Lancet336: 437–438, 1990.
25.
HanefeldFHolzbachU: Diffuse white matter disease in three children: an encephalopathy with unique features on magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuropediatrics24: 244–248, 1993.
26.
HeindelWKugelHRothB: Noninvasive detection of increased glycine content by proton MR spectroscopy in the brains of two infants with nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Am J Neuroradiol14: 629–635, 1993.
27.
HuntALOrrisonWW: Clinical significance of MRI white matter lesions in the elderly [see comments]. Neurology39: 1470–1474, 1989.
28.
HustedCGoodinDS: Biochemical alterations in multiple sclerosis lesion and normal white matter detected in brain by in vivo 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Neurology43: A182–A182. 1993.
29.
HustedCAGoodinDS: Biochemical alterations in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal- appearing white matter detected by in vivo 31P and 1H spectroscopic imaging. Ann Neurol36: 157–165, 1994.
30.
JohannikKVan HeckeP: Localized brain proton NMR spectroscopy in young adult phenylketonuria patients. Magn Reson Med31: 53–57, 1994.
31.
KolodnyEH: Dysmyelinating and demyelinating conditions in infancy. [Review]. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg6: 379–386, 1993.
32.
KruseBBarkerPB: Multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in X- linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Ann Neurol36: 595–608, 1994.
33.
KruseBHanefeldF: Alterations of brain metabolites in metachromatic leukodystrophy as detected by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. J Neurol241: 68–74, 1993.
34.
MacKaySMeyerhoffDJ: Regional gray and white matter metabolite differences in subjects with AD, with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, and elderly controls with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Arch Neurol53: 167–174, 1996.
35.
MarksHGCaroPA: Use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and localized 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Canavan's disease: a case report. Ann Neurol30: 106–110, 1991.
36.
MatthewsPMAndermannF: Proton MR spectroscopic characterization of differences in regional brain metabolic abnormalities in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Neurology43: 2484–2490, 1993.
37.
MatthewsPMDe StefanoN: Putting magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in context: axonal damage and disability in multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol18: 327–336, 1998.
38.
MenonDKBaudouinCJ: Proton MR spectroscopy and imaging of the brain in AIDS: evidence of neuronal loss in regions that appear normal with imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr14: 882–885, 1990.
39.
MollerHEVermathenP: Metabolic characterization of AIDS dementia complex by spectroscopic imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging9: 10–18, 1999.
MortillaMDal PozzoG: Valutazione con spettroscopia RM delle infezioni cerebrali da HIV. In: PeroG (ed): Neurodiologia. Centauro srl, Udine1994: 291–293.
42.
MortillaMErminiM: Risonanza magnetica e HMRS dell'encefalo in soggetti con LES ad esordio pediatrico. Rivista di Neuroradiologia10: 28–30, 1997.
43.
NarayanaPADoyleTJ: Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, contrast- enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative lesion volumetry in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol43: 56–71, 1998.
44.
NarayananSFuL: Imaging of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: spatial distribution of magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Ann Neurol41: 385–391, 1997.
45.
NusselFWegmullerH: Neuro-Behcet: acute and sequential aspects by MRI and MRS. Eur Neurol31: 399–402, 1991.
46.
PantoniLGarciaJH: The significance of cerebral white matter abnormalities 100 years after Binswanger's report. A review. [Review]. Stroke26: 1293–1301, 1995.
47.
PikeGBDe StefanoN: Combined magnetization transfer and proton spectroscopic imaging in the assessment of pathologic brain lesions in multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol20: 829–837, 1999.
48.
RaiGSMcConnellJR: Brain proton spectroscopy in dementia: an aid to clinical diagnosis [letter]. Lancet353: 1063–1064, 1999.
49.
RossBDBlumlS: In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain: the biophysical basis of dementia. Biophys Chem68: 161–172, 1997.
50.
SabetASibbittWLJ: Neurometabolite markers of cerebral injury in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke29: 2254–2260, 1998.
51.
SarchielliPPresciuttiO: Absolute quantification of brain metabolites by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis patients. Brain122: 513–521, 1999.
52.
SimoneILFedericoF: Localised 1H-MR spectroscopy for metabolic characterisation of diffuse and focal brain lesions in patients infected with HIV. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry64: 516–523, 1998.
53.
SylvainMArnoldDL: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Neimann-Pick disease type C: correlation with diagnosis and clinical responce to cholestyramine and lovastatin. Pediatr Neurol10: 228–232, 1994.
54.
TedeschiGSchiffmannR: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in childhood ataxia with diffuse central nervous system hypomyelination. Neurology45: 1526–1532, 1995.
van der KnaapMSBarthPG: A new leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. Neurology48: 845–855, 1997.
57.
van der KnaapMSvan der GrondJ: 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in degenerative cerebral disorders. Ann Neurol31: 202–211, 1992.
58.
Vion-DuryJNicoliF: Reversal of brain metabolic alterations with zidovudine detected by proton localised magnetic resonance spectroscopy [letter]. Lancet345: 60–61, 1995.
59.
WilkinsonIDMillerRF: Cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in asymptomatic HIV infection. AIDS11: 289–295, 1997.
