Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2025-11
Solidarity Imbalances After Racism and Sexism: Black Americans Are Expected to Express High Solidarity but Anticipate Lower Solidarity From Racial/Ethnic Outgroups
Because claiming discrimination is not always taken seriously, marginalized groups may consider cues about whom to trust in providing support and solidarity. Black, Hispanic, and Asian participants (Study 1; N = 931) and women (Study 2; N = 1,207) from the United States imagined someone made a discriminatory comment to them and rated the likelihood of being supported by an individual who varied in identity and past solidarity-related behavior. Participants anticipated more support from their own racial/ethnic group for racism and from women for sexism, and then anticipated support by the following groups: Black > Hispanic > Asian ≥ White and women > men. Past behavior boosted anticipated support, especially from outgroups. Strikingly, we found solidarity imbalances; groups consistently anticipated that Black people would support them, yet Black people anticipated lower support from racial/ethnic outgroups.
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