Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective

The present study aims to compare the presence and severity of patellofemoral osteoarthritis between patients with root lesions and non-root lesions.

Design

A total of 102 patients were included in this study (51 root lesions and 51 non-root lesions). The root lesion cohort was matched to a non-root lesion cohort based on sex, body mass index, and age at the time of surgery. Radiographic evaluation with modified Outerbridge scoring of MRI of the knee was performed to determine the severity of degeneration of the knee joint preoperatively. Mann-Whitney and Independent t tests were used to compare the groups.

Results

The root lesion group had statistically greater Outerbridge patella scores (M = 2.45 ± 1.12) and trochlear scores (M = 2.27 ± 1.37) than the non-root lesion patients (M = 1.78 ± 1.30, P = 0.006, and M = 1.55 ± 1.40, P = 0.010, respectively). When using a new scale for grading patellofemoral arthritis, the root lesion group had statistically greater scores (M = 8.33 ± 3.38) than the non-root lesion patients (M = 5.67 ± 3.07) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with root lesions have a greater degree of patellofemoral cartilage lesions than patients without root lesions. The presence of cartilage lesions preoperatively in root lesion patients has presented the question of whether repair is worthwhile or if one should delay surgery until arthroplasty is indicated. Future research should be carried out on outcomes of root repair surgery in patients with patellofemoral cartilage lesions, in addition to considering the patient’s age, activity level, and other risk factors.

Keywords

medial meniscus posterior root tear patellofemoral osteoarthritis matched cohort root repair

Introduction

The menisci have a vital role in shock absorption, protection of the adjoining articular surfaces, load distribution, and stabilization of the knee joint. During weight-bearing, the posterior horn of the medial meniscus bears the most impact.¹ Posterior root medial meniscal injuries are more common than lateral root tears,² with a root tear being defined as a radial discontinuity within 1 cm of the meniscus root footprint.^3
-5 Root tears compromise the biomechanics of the knee joint by increasing the tibiofemoral contact pressures.^3,6 In addition, root tears are associated with more severe cartilage lesions on both the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau than bucket handle and vertical tears.⁷ In the lateral compartment, posterior root tears lead to significant increases in external rotation and lateral tibial translation when compared with the intact knee.⁶ Various studies have demonstrated that when root attachments are disrupted, loads can no longer be distributed evenly, resulting in a greater occurrence of cartilage degeneration.^3,6
-8 In addition, a posterior root tear can lead to meniscal extrusion.³ Previous studies have proposed that there is a strong association between severity of cartilage degeneration and extent of extrusion of the medial meniscus.^9
-14

When a root tear occurs, surgical repair may be recommended to restore joint biomechanics, while a meniscectomy has the potential to accelerate the degeneration of the cartilage.^6,12,15
-17 Root repairs have been found to be associated with lower rates of osteoarthritis and total knee replacement than total meniscectomy.^15,18 Specifically, surgical repair of posterior root tears of the medial meniscus is desirable in an attempt to slow the onset of degenerative changes.^11,12,14 Repair has been shown to restore the peak contact pressure back to baseline, suggesting that root repair can be successful in restoring joint biomechanics to within normal conditions.¹²

While previous studies have focused on the clinical consequences of a root lesion, risk factors predisposing to a root lesion have started to gain more attention. It has been reported that even cartilage defects outside the medial compartment are associated with root lesions. Patients who had a medial meniscal root tear were 5.8-times more likely to have chondral defects of the patella than patients with lateral tears.¹⁹ Other risk factors reported for a medial meniscus posterior root tear included age,^2,5 female sex,^2,5,13 higher body mass index (BMI),^2,5 increased Kellgren-Lawrence grade,² greater varus mechanical axis angle,² and lower sports participation² than those with other meniscal tears.

The present study aims to compare the severity of patellofemoral cartilage lesions between 2 cohorts of patients, those with root lesions and those without root lesions. The current literature has focused on the development of osteoarthritis after a meniscus operation; however, this study’s main focus is assessing the preoperative degree of patellofemoral cartilage lesions in patients with different types of meniscal pathologies.

Methods

After institutional review board approval (IRB ID no.: 2020-2123), an institutional database within the Hospital for Special Surgery was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients of 2 sports fellowship–trained orthopedic surgeons who had a root repair procedure between the years of 2017 and 2022. The root lesion cohort was selected from patients who had a root repair. The non-root lesion cohort was selected from patients who had meniscectomies indicating that they did not have a root lesion. The groups were matched based on sex, BMI, and age at the time of surgery. There were 51 patients who were successfully matched; 102 patients in total. A patient characteristic analysis was performed on the 102 patients included in the study. A further analysis of baseline scores was conducted to ensure groups were matched. Mean age, BMI, and number of previous procedures were not significantly different between groups ( Table 1 ). Similarly, the number of patients with patella subluxation and the mean Caton-Deschamps ratio between the groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.69, Table 2 ; P = 0.427, Table 3 , respectively). Patella subluxation was defined as more than 5 mm in distance between the apex of patella and the deepest part of the trochlea in the axial plane. Caton-Deschamps index measure is the ratio of the distance from the distal part of the patella to the tibial tubercle over the length of the patella in the sagittal plane.

Table 1.

Patient Characteristics Between Root Repair and Meniscectomy Groups.

Characteristics	Root Repair	Meniscectomy	P Value
Age (mean ± SD)	53.31 ± 9.42	53.21 ± 9.42	0.96
Body mass index (mean ± SD)	27.08 ± 5.13	27.09 ± 4.46	0.99
Previous procedures (mean ± SD)	0.25 ± 0.63	0.25 ± 0.52	>0.99
Sex (male/female)	15/36	15/36	>0.99

Table 2.

Tilted Patellas Between Root Repair and Meniscectomy Groups.

	Root Repair	Meniscectomy	P Value
Yes	4	3
No	47	48	0.69

Table 3.

Caton-Deschamps Ratio Between Root Repair and Meniscectomy Groups.

	Root Repair	Meniscectomy	P Value
Ratio (mean ± SD)	0.996 ± 0.120	1.016 ± 0.132	0.427

Any patient who was missing preoperative MRI images was excluded from the study. Individual medical records were reviewed to obtain patient information including age, sex, BMI, laterality, date of surgery, concomitant procedures, and previous procedures.

Radiographic evaluation of the knee was performed to determine the severity of degeneration of the knee joint preoperatively. The groups were randomized, and a blinded fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon performed the magnetic resonance imaging analysis. All postoperative MRI scans were reviewed retrospectively from our imaging record. MRIs were obtained on 1.5T or 3.0T MRI systems. MRI imaging was in both the sagittal and axial views in T1 and T2 acquisitions. A modified Outerbridge scoring was performed, alongside a new method of patellofemoral scoring, to assess the patellofemoral joint in several subcategories of the patella and trochlea—cartilage, bone, synovium, and alignment. Outerbridge assigns a grade of 0 through IV to the chondral area—grade 0 (normal cartilage), grade I (superficial fibrillation or swelling), grade II (partial-thickness defect with fissures that do not exceed 0.5 inches in diameter or reach subchondral bone), grade III (fissuring of the cartilage with a diameter > 0.5 inches, with an area reaching subchondral bone), and grade IV (erosion of the articular cartilage that exposes the subchondral bone).²⁰ The new patellofemoral arthrosis scoring system is described in Table 4 and Figure 1 .

Table 4.

Patellofemoral Scoring.

MRI Feature	MRI Scoring
Cartilage defects^a	0: normal; 1: mild; 2: severe
Patella (medial and lateral)
Trochlea (medial and lateral)
Bone features
Edema^b	0: none; 1: mild; 2: severe
Cysts^c	0: none; 1: mild; 2: severe
Osteophytes^d	0: none; 1: small; 2: large
Subchondral remodeling	0: not present; 1: present (e.g. sawtooth pattern)
Alignment
Patellar subluxation	0: < 5 mm; 1: >5 mm (relation between patella and trochlea apex)
Patellar height	0: >2/3; 1: 1/3-2/3; 2: <1/3 (patella trochlea overlap)
Synovium	0: none; 1: mild; 2: severe

Cartilage defects: mild = defect < 1 cm; severe = defect > 1 cm.

Edema: mild = diameter < 2 cm; severe = diameter > 2 cm.

Cysts: mild = one cyst < 5 mm; severe = multiple cysts or one cyst > 5 mm.

Osteophytes: small = osteophyte < 5 mm; large = osteophyte > 5 mm.

Figure 1.

New patellofemoral scoring system with descriptive images: (A) cartilage lesions shown in both the medial and lateral facets, in addition to the presence of an osteophyte; (B) alignment between the apex of the patella and the trochlea; (C) edema in the patellofemoral compartment; (D) patella and trochlea overlap defining patellar height.

Statistical Methods

Statistics (mean, standard deviation) were analyzed for patient characteristics, including sex, BMI, and age at the time of surgery. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to normalize the continuous variables. Mann-Whitney u-tests and independent t tests were used to compare the groups. Independent t test was used to analyze the relationship between lesion type (root and non-root repair) and patellofemoral scoring (new method). Mann-Whitney test was used to examine the relationship between lesion type (root and non-root repair) and both Outerbridge trochlea and patella grading. In addition, data were analyzed for frequency of patellar dislocation and patellar height. All analyses were performed with Microsoft Excel (2019; Microsoft, Redmond, WA) and SPSS software (SPSS for Windows release 22, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). P values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Modified Outerbridge imaging analysis was used to compare preoperative MRIs between groups. As shown in Table 5 , the root lesion group had statistically worse Outerbridge patella and trochlea scores (M = 2.45 ± 1.12 and M = 2.27 ± 1.37, respectively) when compared to the non-root lesion patients (M = 1.78 ± 1.30 and 1.55 ± 1.4, respectively), with P = 0.006 and P = 0.010 for the root lesion and non-root lesion groups, respectively. When using the patellofemoral scoring system, the root lesion group had statistically greater (worse) scores (M = 8.33 ± 3.38) than non-root lesion patients (M = 5.67 ± 3.07) ( Table 6 , P < 0.001).

Table 5.

Mean Outerbridge Scoring Between Root Repair and Meniscectomy Group.

	Root Repair	Meniscectomy	P Value
Patella (mean ± SD)	2.45 ± 1.12	1.78 ± 1.30	0.006
Trochlea (mean ± SD)	2.27 ± 1.37	1.55 ± 1.40	0.010

Table 6.

Mean Patellofemoral Scoring Between Root Repair and Meniscectomy Groups.

	Root Repair	Meniscectomy	P Value
Patellofemoral joint score (mean ± SD)	8.33 ± 3.38	5.67 ± 3.07	<0.001

Modified outerbridge imaging analysis was also used to examine the medial and lateral compartments. When analyzing the medial compartment, the root lesion group had significantly more knees classified as higher grade using Outerbridge scoring than the non-root lesion group ( Table 7 , P = 0.047). However, when analyzing the lateral compartment, there was no statistically significant difference between the root lesion and non-root lesion cohorts ( Table 7 , P = 0.059).

Table 7.

Medial and Lateral Compartment Outerbridge Scoring Classified as Low (0-2) or High (3-4) Between Root Repair and Meniscectomy Groups.

	Root Repair	Meniscectomy	P Value
Medial compartment
Low	23	33
High	28	18	0.047
Lateral compartment
Low	44	42
High	7	9	0.059

Discussion

In a study conducted by Matheny et al.,¹⁹ patients with a medial root tear were 5 times more likely to have an articular cartilage defect with an Outerbridge score of grade 2 or greater. The results of our study confirmed this correlation, as it was found that patients with root lesions had more severe patellofemoral cartilage damage than patients with non-root lesions. This study went further to classify chondral wear separately for the patella and trochlea. Meniscal root repair is a relatively new procedure when compared to meniscectomy. Considering that patients who had a root lesion and underwent a root repair had more severe preoperative patellofemoral cartilage lesions, it is important to consider how beneficial a root repair may be if these patients may need a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the future.

Root repairs have been found to have better patient-reported outcomes at a 10-year follow-up than partial meniscectomies.²¹ When comparing postoperative long-term outcomes, a higher rate of osteoarthritis and conversion to TKA has been observed in patients who had a meniscectomy than in those who had a root repair.^15,21 This supports the claim that a root repair delays the progression of arthrosis. Furthermore, the root repair group showed significantly improved clinical scores, whereas the meniscectomy group did not.²¹ Conversely, Perry et al.²² found that repair did not significantly improve meniscal extrusion. Research has shown a significant association between severity of cartilage degeneration and extent of extrusion of the medial meniscus.^3,23,24

When considering surgical options in patients with a root repair, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has been reported to be a good alternative to preserve function and quality of life when nonoperative measures have failed.^25,26 Root repair may be a better option for patients who want to delay arthroplasty, while UKA can allow immediate weight-bearing and a faster return to activities of daily living.

Some limitations of the present study include the small sample size, retrospective analysis, and 1 evaluator. Root repair is a less common and newer procedure than meniscectomy, limiting the number in each group. In addition, there was only one evaluator who completed the MRI scoring. However, to eliminate bias, the evaluator was blinded, and the cases were randomized.

Conclusion

Patients with posteromedial meniscal root lesions had more severe patellofemoral cartilage degeneration than patients without root lesions. Future research will focus on whether or not patellofemoral chondral wear portends a worse outcome in patients undergoing root repairs.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments and Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr. Andreas Gomoll receives consulting fee from Vericel Corporation, Bioventus LLC, Organogenesis, Inc., Smith & Nephew, Joint Restoration Foundation, Inc., Flexion Therapeutics, Inc., and Moximed, Inc; honoraria from Vericel Corporation and Fidia Pharma USA Inc.; hospitality payments from Bioventus LLC, Organogenesis, Inc., Smith & Nephew, Joint Restoration Foundation, Inc., Pacira Therapeutics, Flexion Therapeutics, Inc., and Aesculap Biologics, LLC; royalty or license from Organogenesis, Inc.; compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program, from Pacira Therapeutics; Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a nonaccredited and noncertified continuing education program from Linvatec Corporation; and has stocks in Engage Uni LLC. Dr. Sabrina Strickland receives honoraria from Vericel Corporation and Joint Restoration Foundation, Inc.; consulting fee from Vericel Corporation and Flexion Therapeutics, Inc.; hospitality payments from Vericel Corporation, Flexion Therapeutics, Inc., Bioventus LLC, Aesculap Biologics, LLC, Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., Fidia Pharma USA Inc., DePuy Synthes Sales, Inc., Joint Restoration Foundation, Inc., Smith + Nephew, Inc., Dynasplint Systems Inc., Pacira Therapeutics, and Organogenesis, Inc.; compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program, from Smith + Nephew, Inc.; and gift from Engage Uni LLC.

Ethical Approval

This study was approved by the Hospital for Special Surgery Institutional Review Board (2020-2123).

ORCID iDs

Guilherme Palhares

Sabrina M. Strickland

References

Vedi

Williams

Tennant

Spouse

Hunt

Gedroyc

WMW

. An in-vivo study using dynamic MRI. J Bone Joint Surg. 1999;81(1):5.

Hwang

Kim

Lee

Hunter

, et al. Risk factors for medial meniscus posterior root tear. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1606-10. doi:10.1177/0363546512447792.

Jarraya

Roemer

Englund

Crema

Gale

Hayashi

, et al. Meniscus morphology: does tear type matter? a narrative review with focus on relevance for osteoarthritis research. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46(5):552-61. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.11.005.

Vyas

Harner

. Meniscus root repair. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2012;20(2):86-94.

Pache

Aman

Kennedy

Nakama

Moatshe

Ziegler

, et al. Meniscal root tears: current concepts review. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2018;6(4):250-9.

Allaire

Muriuki

Gilbertson

Harner

. Biomechanical consequences of a tear of the posterior root of the medial meniscus: similar to total meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(9):1922-31. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.00748.

Henry

Mascarenhas

Kowalchuk

Forsythe

Irrgang

Harner

. Medial meniscus tear morphology and chondral degeneration of the knee: is there a relationship? Arthroscopy. 2012;28(8):1124-34.e2. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2011.12.020.

Kennedy

Strauss

LaPrade

. Injury of the meniscus root. Clin Sports Med. 2020;39(1):57-68. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2019.08.009.

Costa

Morrison

Carrino

. Medial meniscus extrusion on knee MRI: is extent associated with severity of degeneration or type of tear? Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(1):17-23. doi:10.2214/ajr.183.1.1830017.

10.

Jones

Houang

Low

Wood

. Medial meniscus posterior root attachment injury and degeneration: MRI findings. Australas Radiol. 2006;50(4):306-13. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1673.2006.01586.x.

11.

Bin

Kim

Shin

. Radial tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2004;20(4):373-8. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2004.01.004.

12.

LaPrade

Foad

Smith

Turnbull

Dornan

Engebretsen

, et al. Biomechanical consequences of a nonanatomic posterior medial meniscal root repair. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(4):912-20. doi:10.1177/0363546514566191.

13.

Ahn

Wang

Yoo

Noh

Park

. A pull out suture for transection of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus: using a posterior trans-septal portal. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15(12):1510-3. doi:10.1007/s00167-007-0310-3.

14.

Pagnani

Cooper

Warren

. Extrusion of the medial meniscus. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 1991;7(3):297-300. doi:10.1016/0749-8063(91)90131-G.

15.

Faucett

Geisler

Chahla

Krych

Kurzweil

Garner

, et al. Meniscus root repair vs meniscectomy or nonoperative management to prevent knee osteoarthritis after medial meniscus root tears: clinical and economic effectiveness. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(3):762-9. doi:10.1177/0363546518755754.

16.

Englund

Lohmander

. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis coexistent with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis in a meniscectomy population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(12):1721-6. doi:10.1136/ard.2005.035568.

17.

Englund

Lohmander

. Risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis fifteen to twenty-two years after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(9):2811-9.

18.

Chung

Yeom

Jang

Choi

, et al. Comparison of clinical and radiologic results between partial meniscectomy and refixation of medial meniscus posterior root tears: a minimum 5-year follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(10):1941-50. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2015.03.035.

19.

Matheny

Ockuly

Steadman

LaPrade

. Posterior meniscus root tears: associated pathologies to assist as diagnostic tools. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(10):3127-31. doi:10.1007/s00167-014-3073-7.

20.

Slattery

Kweon

. Classifications in brief: Outerbridge classification of chondral lesions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018;476(10):2101-4. doi:10.1007/s11999.0000000000000255.

21.

Chung

Kim

. Root repair versus partial meniscectomy for medial meniscus posterior root tears: comparison of long-term survivorship and clinical outcomes at minimum 10-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(8):1937-44. doi:10.1177/0363546520920561.

22.

Perry

Lavoie-Gagne

Knapik

Maheshwer

Hodakowski

Gursoy

, et al. Examining the efficacy of medial meniscus posterior root repair: a meta-analysis and systematic review of biomechanical and clinical outcomes. Am J Sports Med. 2023;51(7):1914-26. doi:10.1177/03635465221077271.

23.

Berthiaume

Raynauld

Martel-Pelletier

Labonté

Beaudoin

Bloch

, et al. Meniscal tear and extrusion are strongly associated with progression of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis as assessed by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(4):556-63. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.023796.

24.

Chung

Nam

Kim

. Pullout fixation of posterior medial meniscus root tears: correlation between meniscus extrusion and midterm clinical results. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(1):42-9. doi:10.1177/0363546516662445.

25.

Franco

Mazumdar

McCarthy

Gonzalez Della Valle

. Complications after patello-femoral versus total knee replacement in the treatment of isolated patello-femoral osteoarthritis. A meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(11):2174-90. doi:10.1007/s00167-011-1677-8.

26.

Leadbetter

. Patellofemoral arthroplasty in the treatment of patellofemoral arthritis: rationale and outcomes in younger patients. Orthop Clin North Am. 2008;39(3):363-80. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2008.04.001.

Predilection of Patellofemoral Cartilage Lesions in Patients with Posterior Medial Meniscal Root Lesions

Abstract

Objective

Design

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Statistical Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments and Funding

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Ethical Approval

ORCID iDs

References