Assessing Response to Bronchodilator Therapy at Point of Care

American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Guideline: infant/toddler pulmonary function tests. Respir Care 1995;40(7):761–768.

National asthma education program-expert panel report. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. NIH publication 91-3042A, June 1991.

McNamara RM , Cionni DJ . Utility of the peak expiratory flow rate in the differentiation of acute dyspnea: cardiac vs pulmonary origin. Chest 1992;101(1):129–132.

Charan NB , Carvalho P. Cardinal symptoms in respiratory disease. In: Pierson DJ , Kacmarek RM , eds. Foundations of respiratory care. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992:199–201.

Tashkin DP . Dosing strategies for bronchodilator aerosol delivery. Respir Care 1991;36(9):977–988.

Schuh S , Parkin P , Rajan A , Canny G , Healy R , Rieder M , . High- versus low-dose, frequently administered, nebulized albuterol in children with severe, acute asthma. Pediatrics 1989;83(4):513–518.

American Association for Respiratory Care. Aerosol Consensus Statement-1991. Respir Care 1991;36(9):916–921.

Bellia V , Visconti A , Insalaco G , Cuttitta G , Ferrara G , Bonsignore G. Validation of morning dip of peak expiratory flow as an indicator of the severity of nocturnal asthma. Chest 1988;94(1):108–110.

Mitchell DM , Gildeh P , Dimond AH , Collins JV . Value of serial peak expiratory flow measurements in assessing treatment response in chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1986;41(8):606–610.

Shim CS , Williams MH Jr . Evaluation of the severity of asthma: patients versus physicians. Am J Med 1980;68(1):11–13.

Shim CS , Williams MH Jr . Relationship of wheezing to the severity of obstruction in asthma. Arch Intern Med 1983;132(5):890–892.

Lim TK , Ang SM , Rossing TH , Ingenito EP , Ingram RH . The effects of deep inhalation on maximal expiratory flow during intensive treatment of spontaneous asthmatic episodes. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:340–343.

Lemarchand P , Labrune S , Herer B , Huchon GJ . Cardiorespiratory arrest following peak expiratory flow measurement during attack of asthma. Chest 1991;100(4):168–169.

Stanescu DC , Teculescu DB . Exercise- and cough-induced asthma. Respiration 1970;27(4):377–383.

Stern RC , Horwitz SJ , Doershuk CF . Neurologic symptoms during coughing paroxysms in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1988;112(6):9099–912.

American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Guideline: Spirometry. Respir Care 1991;36:1414–1417.

American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Guideline: Sampling for arterial blood gas analysis. Respir Care 1992;37(8):913–917.

Lebowitz MD . The use of peak expiratory flow rate measurements in respiratory disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991;11:166–174.

van Schayck CP , Dompeling E , van Weel C , Folgering H , van den Hoogen HJ . Accuracy and reproducibility of the Assess peak flow meter. Eur Respir J 1990;3(3):338–341.

Jones KP , Mullee MA . Measuring peak expiratory flow in general practice: comparison of mini Wright peak flow meter and turbine spirometer. BMJ 1990;300(6740):1629–1631.

Simmons M , Wynegar T , Hess D. Evaluation of the agreement between portable peak flow meters and a calibrated pneumotachometer. Respir Care 1993;38(8):916–922.

Pedersen OF , Miller MR , Sigsgaard T , Tidley M , Harding RM . Portable peak flow meters: physical characteristics, influence of temperature, altitude, and humidity. Eur Respir J 1994;7(5):991–997.

Johns DP , Abramson M , Bowes G. Evaluation of a new ambulatory spirometer for measuring forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow rate. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;147:1245–1250.

Bérubé D , Cartier A , L'Archevêque J , Ghezzo H , Malo J-L . Comparison of peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1 in assessing bronchomotor tone after challenges with occupational sensitizers. Chest 1991;99(4):831–836.

American Thoracic Society, Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. Crapo RO, chairman. Standardization of spirometry-1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1107–1136.

Mahler DA , Weinberg DH , Wells CK , Feinstein AR . The measurement of dyspnea: contents, interobserver agreement, and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes. Chest 1984;85(6):751–758.

Stoller JK , Ferranti R , Feinstein AR . Further specification and evaluation of a new clinical index for dyspnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:1129–1134.

Mahler DA , Harver A. A factor analysis of dyspnea ratings, respiratory muscle strength, and lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:467–470.

Turner TR , Corkery KJ , Ecleman D , Gelb AM , Lipavsky A , Sheppard D. Equivalence of continuous flow nebulizer and metered-dose inhaler with reservoir bag for treatment of acute airflow obstruction. Chest 1988;93(3):476–481.

Berry RB , Shinto RA , Wong FH , Despers JA , Light RW . Nebulizer vs spacer for bronchodilator delivery in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 1989;96(6):1241–1246.

Wilkins RL , Dexter JR , Smith JR . Survey of adventitious lung sound terminology in case reports. Chest 1984;85(4):523–525.

Burki NK , Mitchell K , Chaudhary BA , Zechman FW . The ability of asthmatics to detect added resistive loads. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;117:71–75.

Sly PD , Landau LI , Weymouth R. Home recording of peak expiratory flow rates and perception of asthma. Am J Dis Child 1985;139(5):479–482.

Burdon JGW , Juniper EF , Killian KJ , Hargreave FE , Campbell EJM . The perception of breathlessness in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;126:825–828.

Habib MP . Physiologic implications of artificial airways. Chest 1989;96(1):180–184.

Sharar SR . The effects of artificial airways on airflow and ventilatory mechanics: basic concepts and clinical relevance. Respir Care 1995;40(3):257–262.

Gottfried SB , Rossi A , Higgs BD , Calverley PMA , Zocchi L , Bozic C , Milic-Emili J. Noninvasive determination of respiratory system mechanics during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131(3):414–420.

Gay PC , Rodarte JR , Tayyab M , Hubmayr RD . Evaluation of bronchodilator responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136(4):880–885.

Hess D. The delivery of aerosolized bronchodilator to mechanically ventilated intubated adult patients (editorial). Respir Care 1990;35(5):399–404.

Kacmarek RM , Hess D. The interface between patient and aerosol generator. Respir Care 1991;36(9):952–976.

Criner GJ , Isaac L. Psychological issues in the ventilator-dependent patient. Respir Care 1995;40(8):855–865.

Hetzel MR , Williams IP , Shakespeare RM . Can patients keep their own peak-flow records reliably? Lancet 1979;1(8116):597–599.

Ignacio-Garcia JM , Gonzalez-Santos P. Asthma self-management education program by home monitoring of peak expiratory flow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:353–359.

American Thoracic Society. Standardization of spirometry-1987 update. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:1285–1298. Printed concurrently in Respir Care 1987;32:1039–1060.

Enright PL , Sherrill DL , Lebowitz MD . Ambulatory monitoring of peak expiratory flow: Reproducibility and quality control. Chest 1995;107:657–661.

Quakenboss JJ , Lebowitz MD , Krzyzanowski M. The normal range of diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rates: relationship to symptoms and respiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:323–330.

National Board for Respiratory Care. NBRC 1994 Study Guide-RRT examination. Shawnee Mission KS: National Board for Respiratory Care, 1994.

National Board for Respiratory Care. NBRC 1994 Study Guide-RPFT examination. Shawnee Mission KS: National Board for Respiratory Care, 1994.

National Board for Respiratory Care. NBRC 1994 Study Guide-CPFT examination. Shawnee Mission KS: National Board for Respiratory Care, 1994.

National Board for Respiratory Care. NBRC 1994 Study Guide-CRTT examination. Shawnee Mission KS: National Board for Respiratory Care, 1994.

Centers for Disease Control. Update: Universal Precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR 1988;37:377–382,387–388.

Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in health-care settings, with special focus on HIV-related tissues. MMWR 1990;39(RR-17):1–29.

Gravelyn TR , Weg JG . Respiratory rate as an indicator of acute respiratory dysfunction. JAMA 1980;244(10):1123–1125.

McFadden JP , Price RC , Eastwood HD , Briggs RS . Raised respiratory rate in elderly patients: a valuable physical sign. BMJ 1982;284(6316):626–627.

Browning IB , D'Alonzo GE , Tobin MJ . Importance of respiratory rate as an indicator of respiratory dysfunction in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 1990;97(6):1317–1321.

Newhouse MT , Dolovich MB . Aerosol therapy of reversible airflow obstruction-concepts and clinical applications. Chest 1987;91(5, suppl):58–64.

Toogood JH . Helping your patients make better use of MDIs and spacers. J Respir Dis 1994;15:2,151–164.

Meltzer AA , Smolensky MH , D'Alonzo GE , Harris RB , Scott PH . An assessment of peak expiratory flow as a surrogate measurement of FEV1 in stable asthmatic children. Chest 1989;96(2):329–333.

Mestitz H , Copland JM , McDonald CF . Comparison of outpatient nebulized vs metered dose inhaler terbutaline in chronic air flow obstruction. Chest 1989;96(6):1237–1240.

Cissik JH , Bode FR , Smith JA . Double-blind crossover study of five bronchodilator medications and two delivery methods in stable asthma: is there a best combination for use in the pulmonary laboratory? Chest 1986;90:(4):489–493.

Shim CS , Williams MH Jr . Effect of bronchodilator therapy administered by canister versus jet nebulizer. J Allerg Clin Immunol 1984;73(3):387–390.

American Thoracic Society. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretive strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144(5):1202–1218.

Jenkins SC , Heaton RW , Fulton TJ , Moxham J. Comparison of domiciliary nebulized salbutamol and salbutamol from a metered-dose inhaler in stable chronic airflow limitation. Chest 1987;91(6):804–807.

Fernandez A , Lazaro A , Garcia A , Aeagon C , Cerda E. Bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on mechanical ventilation: utilization of metered-dose inhalers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:164–168.

Reddel HK , Salome CM , Peat JK , Woolcock AJ . Which index of peak expiratory flow is most useful in the management of stable asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1320–1325.

Harm DL , Kotses H , Creer TL . Improving the ability of peak expiratory flow rates to predict asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;76(5):688–694.

Ahmed J , Brutus A , D'Amato RF , Glatt AE . Acinetobacter calcoaceticus anitratus outbreak in the intensive care unit traced to a peakflow meter. Am J Infect Control 1994;22(5):319–321.

Adelroth E , Hargreave FE , Ramsdale EH . Do physicians need objective measurements to diagnose asthma? Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134(4):704–707.

Anderson SD , Silverman M , Konig P , Godfrey S. Exercise-induced asthma. Br J Dis Chest 1975;69(1):1–39.

Bolder PM , Healy TE , Bolder AR , Beatty PC , Kay B. The extra work of breathing through adult endotracheal tubes. Anesth Analg 1986;65(8):853–859.

Ba M , Spier S , Lapierre G , Lamarre A. Wet nebulizer versus spacer and metered dose inhaler via tidal breathing. J Asthma 1989;26(6):355–358.

Bersten AD , Rutten AJ , Vedig AE , Skrowronski GA . Additional work of breathing imposed by endotracheal tubes, breathing circuits, and intensive care ventilators. Crit Care Med 1989;17(7):671–677.

Clark NM , Evans Melllins RB . Patient use of peak flow monitoring. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:722–725.

Comstock GW , Tockman MS , Hesing KJ , Hennesy KM . Standardized respiratory questionnaires: comparison of the old with the new. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119(1):45–53.

Cook NR , Evans DA , Scherr PA , Speizer FE , Vedal S , Branch LG , . Peak expiratory flow rate in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130(1):66–78.

Eichenhom MS , Beauchamp RK , Harper PA , Ward JC . An assessment of three portable peak flow meters. Chest 1982;82(3):306–309.

Fernandez R , Sole J , Blanch L , Artigas A. The effect of short-term instillation of a mucolytic agent (Mesna) on airway resistance in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1995;107(4):1101–1106.

Gal TJ , Suratt PM . Resistance to breathing in healthy subjects following endotracheal intubation under topical anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1980;59(4):270–274.

Gautrin D , D'Aquino LC , Gagnon G , Malo J-L , Cartier A. Comparison between peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) and FEV1 in the monitoring of asthmatic subjects at an outpatient clinic. Chest 1994;106(5):1419–1426.

Gay PC , Patel HG , Nelson SB , Gilles B , Hubmayr RD . Metered dose inhalers for bronchodilator delivery in intubated mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1991;99(1):66–71.

Godfrey S. Exercise-induced asthma: clinical, physiological, and therapeutic implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975;56(1):1–17.

Godfrey S , Konig P. Suppression of exercise-induced asthma by salbutamol, theophylline, atropine, cromolyn, and placebo in a group of asthmatic children. Pediatrics 1975;56(5, Part 2, suppl):930–934.

Godfrey S. Exercise-induced asthma-clinical physiological, and therapeutic implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975;56(1):1–17.

Gupta CK , Mathur N. Statistical models relating peak expiratory flow rates to age, height, and weight in men and women. J Epidemiol Community Health 1982;36(1):64–67.

Harm DL , Marion RJ , Creer TL , Kotses H. Effects of instructions on pulmonary function values. J Asthma 1985;22(6):289–294.

Kelly CA , Gibson GJ . Relation between FEV1 and peak expiratory flow in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Thorax 1988;43(4):335–336.

Levinson H , Reilly PA , Worsley GH . Spacing devices and metered-dose inhalers in childhood asthma. J Pediatr 1985;107(5):662–668.

Marini JJ , Rodriguez RM , Lamb V. Chest 1986;89(1):56–63.

Marini JJ . Dyspnea during weaning. Respir Care 1995;40(3):271–276.

Melville C , Phelan PD , Landau LI . Nebulized fenoterol compared with metered aerosol. Arch Dis Child 1985;60(3):257–259.

Morgan MDL , Singh BV , Frame MH , Williams SJ . Terbutaline aerosol given through pear spacer in acute severe asthma. BMJ 1985;285(6345):849–850.

O'Callaghan C , Milner AD , Swarbrick A. Spacer device with face mask attachment for giving bronchodilators to infants with asthma. BMJ 1989;298(6667):160–161.

O'Reilly JF , Gould G , Kendrick AH , Laszlo G. Domiciliary comparison of terbutaline treatment by metered dose inhaler with and without conical spacer in severe and moderately severe chronic asthma. Thorax 1986;41(10):766–770.

Pollack CV Jr . Utilization of the peak expiratory flow rate in evaluation of acute dyspnea of cardiac or pulmonary origin (letter). Chest 1993;103(4):1306–1307.

Ramsdale EH , Morris MM , Hargreave FE . Interpretation of peak flow rates in chronic bronchitis. Thorax 1986;41(10):771–776.

Shapiro M , Wilson RK , Casar G , Bloom K , Teague RB . Work of breathing through different sized endotracheal tubes. Crit Care Med 1986;14(12):1028–1031.

Thomas P , Pugsley JA , Stewart JH . Theophylline and salbutamol improve pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1992;101(1):160–165.

Venables KM , Burges PS , Davison AG , Newman-Taylor AJ . Peak flow rate records in surveys: reproducibility of observers' reports. Thorax 1984;39(11):828–832.

Volpe J , Kendall H , Gilbert D , Stowe B , Dundovich K. Metered dose inhalers. RT 1990;3(3):18–23.

Weissman C , Askanazi J , Rosenbaum SH , Damask MC , Hyan Al , Kinney JM . Response to tubular airway resistance in normal subjects and postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 1986;64(3):353–358.

Wright PE , Marini JJ , Bernard GR . In vitro versus in vivo comparison of endotracheal tube airflow resistance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140(1):10–16.

Wu RS , Wu KC , Tsai YH , Cheng RK , Tan PP . Inhaled fenoterol pretreatment attenuates airway resistance response to endotracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 1995;33(1):7–14.

Zandstra DF , Stoutenbeek CP , Miranda DR . Effect of mucolytic and bronchodilator aerosol therapy on airway resistance in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 1985;11(6):316–318.

Zureik M , Liard R , Segala C , Henry C , Korobaeff M , Neukirch F. Peak expiratory flow rate variability in population surveys: does the number of assessments matter. Chest 1995;107:418–423.