Metabolic Measurement using Indirect Calorimetry during Mechanical Ventilation

Weissman C. Measuring oxygen uptake in the clinical setting. In: Bryan-Brown CW , Ayres SM , eds. Oxygen transport and utilization. Fullerton CA: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1987:25–64.

Elia M , Livesey G. Theory and validity of indirect calorimetry during net lipid synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:591–607.

Ferrannini E. The theoretical bases of indirect calorimetry: a review. Metabolism 1988;37:287–301.

Kemper MA . Indirect calorimetry equipment and practical considerations of measurement. In: Weissman C , ed. Problems in respiratory care: nutrition and respiratory disease. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1989:2–479-490.

Branson RD . The measurement of energy expenditure: instrumentation, practical considerations, and clinical application. Respir Care 1990;35:640–659.

McDonald NJ , Lavelle P , Gallacher WN , Harpin RP . Use of the oxygen cost of breathing as an index of weaning ability from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1988;14:50–54.

Lewis WD , Chwals W , Benotti PN , Lakshman K , O'Donnell C , Blackburn GL , Bistrian et al. Bedside assessment of the work of breathing. Crit Care Med 1988;16:117–122.

Shikora SA , Bistrian BR , Borlase BC , Blackburn GL , Stone MD , Benotti PN . Work of breathing: reliable predictor of weaning and extubation. Crit Care Med 1990;18:157–162.

Danek SJ , Lynch JP , Weg JG , Dantzker DR . The dependence of oxygen uptake on oxygen delivery in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122:387–395.

Kaufman BS , Rackow EC , Falk JL . The relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption during fluid resuscitation of hypovolemic and septic shock. Chest 1984;85:336–340.

deV Weir JB . New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 1949;109:1–9.

Daly JM , Heymsfield SB , Head CA , Harvey LP , Nixon DW , Katzeff H , Grossman GD . Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely used prediction equation. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42:1170–1174.

Wilson DO , Rogers RM , Openbrier D. Nutritional aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 1986;7:643–656.

Nixon DW , Kutner M , Heymsfield S , Foltz AT , Carty C , Seitz S , . Resting energy expenditure in lung and colon cancer. Metabolism 1988;37:1059–1064.

Blumberg A , Keller G. Oxygen consumption during maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 1979;23:276–281.

Long CL . Energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in infection and sepsis. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1301–1310.

Curreri PW , Richmond D , Marvin J , Baxter CR . Dietary requirements of patients with major burns. J Am Diet Assoc 1974;65:415–417.

Clifton GL , Robertson CS , Grossman RG , Hodge S , Foltz R , Garza C. The metabolic response to severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1984;60:687–696.

Mullen JL . Consequences of malnutrition in the surgical patient. Surg Clin North Am 1981;61:465–487.

Weissman C , Kemper MC , Askanazi J , Hyman Al , Kinney JM . Resting metabolic rate of the critically ill patient: measured versus predicted. Anesthesiology 1986;64:673–679.

Branson RD , Hurst JM , Warner BW , Bower RH , Arita A. Measured versus predicted energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care 1987;32:748–752.

Schane J , Goede M , Silverstein P. Comparison of energy expenditure measurement techniques in severely burned patients. J Burn Care Rehabil 1987;8:366–370.

Hunter DC , Jaksic T , Lewis D , Benotti PN , Blackburn GL , Bistrian BR . Resting energy expenditure in the critically ill: estimations versus measurement. Br J Surg 1988;75:875–878.

Moore JA , Angelillo VA . Equations for the prediction of resting energy expenditure in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1988;94:1260–1263.

Clifton GL , Robertson CS , Choi SC . Assessment of nutritional requirements of head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1986;64:895–901.

Foster GD , Knox LS , Dempsey DT , Mullen JL . Caloric requirements in total parenteral nutrition. J Am Coll Nutr 1987;6:231–253.

Askanazi J , Nordenstrom J , Rosenbaum SH , Elwyn DH , Hyman AI , Carpentier YA , Kinney JM . Nutrition for the patient with respiratory failure: glucose vs fat. Anesthesiology 1981;54:373–377.

Mohsenin V , Ferranti R , Loke JS . Nutrition for the respiratory insufficient patient. Eur Respir J Suppl 1989;7:663S–665S.

Askanazi J , Rosenbaum SH , Hyman AI , Silverberg PA , Milic-Emili J , Kinney JM . Respiratory changes induced by the large glucose loads of total parenteral nutrition. JAMA 1980;243:1444–1447.

Covelli HD , Balck JW , Olsen MS , Beekman JF . Respiratory failure precipitated by high carbohydrate loads. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:579–581.

Dark DS , Pingleton SK , Kerby GR . Hypercapnia during weaning: a complication of nutritional support. Chest 1985;88:141–143.

Angelillo VA , Bedi S , Durfee D , Dahl J , Patterson AJ , O'Donohue WJ Jr . Effects of low and high carbohydrate feedings in ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic hypercapnia. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:883–885.

Livesey G , Elia M. Estimation of energy expenditure, net carbohydrate utilization, and net fat oxidation and synthesis by indirect calorimetry: evaluation of errors with special reference to the detailed composition of fuels. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:608–628.

Elia M , Livesey G. Theory and validity of indirect calorimetry during net lipid synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:591–607.

Bursztein S , Saphar S , Singer P , Elwyn DH , . A mathematical analysis of indirect calorimetry measurements in acutely ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:227–230.

Lacy J , Orr M , Branson RD , Bower RH . Protocol for the use of indirect calorimetry to determine energy requirements of patients requiring nutritional support (abstract). 14th Clinical Proceedings of American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1989:439.

De Campo T , Civetta JM . The effect of short term discontinuation of high-level PEEP in patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1979;7:47–49.

Craig KC , Benson MS , Pierson DJ . Prevention of arterial oxygen desaturation during closed-airway endotracheal suction: effect of ventilator mode. Respir Care 1984;29(10):1013–1018.

Raurich JM , Ibanez J , Marse P. Validation of a new closed circuit indirect calorimetry method compared with the open Douglas bag method. Intensive Care Med 1989;15:274–278.

Branson RD , Hurst JM , Davis K Jr , Pulsfort R. A laboratory evaluation of the Biergy VVR calorimeter. Respir Care 1988;33:341–347.

Keppler T , Dechert RE , Arnoldi DK , Filius R , Bartlett RH . Evaluations of the Waters MRM-6000 and Biergy VVR closed-circuit indirect calorimeters. Respir Care 1989;34:28–35.

Weissman C , Kemper M , Hyman AI . Variation in the resting metabolic rate of the mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 1989;68:457–461.

Weissman C , Kemper MC , Damask MC , Askanazi J , Hyman AI , Kinney JM . The effect of routine intensive care interactions on metabolic rate. Chest 1984;86:815–818.

Feenstra BWA , van Lanschot JJB , Vermeij CG , Bruining HA . Artifacts in the assessment of metabolic gas exchange. Intensive Care Med 1986;12:312–316.

Bishop MJ , Benson MS , Pierson DJ . Carbon dioxide excretion via bronchopleural fistulas in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1987;91:400–402.

Browning JA , Linberg SE , Turney SZ , Chodoff P. The effects of a fluctuating F_IO2 on metabolic measurements in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 1982;10:82–85.

Ultman JS , Bursztein S. Analysis of error in the determination of respiratory gas exchange at varying F_IO2. J Appl Physiol 1981;50:210–216.

Head CA , Grossman GD , Jordan JC , Heppler EL , Heymsfield SB . A valve system for the accurate measurement of energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 1985;30:969–973.

Nelson LD , Anderson HB , Garcia H. Clinical validation of a new metabolic monitor suitable for use in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1987;15:951–957.

Norton AC . Accuracy in pulmonary measurement. Respir Care 1979;24:131–137.

Rasanen J. Continuous breathing circuit flow and tracheal tube cuff leak: sources of error during pediatric indirect calorimetry. Crit Care Med 1992;20(9):1335–1340.

Damask MC , Weissman C , Askanazi J , Hyman AI , Rosenbaum SH , Kinney JM . A systematic method for validation of gas exchange measurements. Anesthesiology 1982;57:213–218.

Nunn JF , Makita K , Royston B. Validation of oxygen consumption measurements during artificial ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1989;67:2129–2134.

Makita K , Nunn JF , Royston B. Evaluation of metabolic measuring instruments for use in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1990;18:638–644.

Takala J , Keinanen O , Vaisanen P , Kari A. Measurement of gas exchange in intensive care: laboratory and clinical validation of a new device. Crit Care Med 1989;17:1041–1047.

Branson RD , Hurst JM , Davis K Jr , Bower RH . Comparison of open circuit and closed circuit methods for measuring oxygen consumption (abstract). American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Miami FL, 1989.

Centers for Disease Control. Update: Universal Precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings. MMWR 1988;37(24):377–382,387-388.