TablanOC, AndersonLJ, ArdenNH, BreimanRF, ButlerJC, McNeilMM, the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Respir Care1994;39(12): 1191–1236.
2.
Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Respir Care1983;28:221–232.
3.
CravenDE, ConnollyMG, LichtenbergDA, PrimeauPJ, McCabeWR. Contamination of mechanical ventilators with tubing changes every 24 or 48 hours. N Engl J Med1982;306:1505–1509.
4.
BoyceJM, WhiteRL, SpruillEY, WallM.Cost-effective application of the Centers for Disease Control guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Infect Control1985;13:228–232.
5.
DreyfussD, DjedaniniK, WeberP, BrunP, LanoreJ, RahmaniJ, . Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change. Am Rev Respir Dis1991;143:738–743.
6.
HessD, BurnsE, RomagnoliD, KacmarekRM. The effect of weekly circuit changes on ventilator-associated pneumonia rate (abstract). Respir Care1994;39(11):1107.
7.
AlfredsonT, EarlA, LarsonR, CroninJ, HauptmanD, FaheyPJ, O'KeefeP.Effect of extending ventilator circuit changes from 2-3 to every 7 days (abstract). Respir Care1994;39(11):1108.
8.
KrauseS, FisherM, FinkJ.Reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonias with seven day circuit changes (abstract). Respir Care1994;39(11):1108.
9.
OrensD, StollerJK. The impact of changing ventilator circuits at 72 hours versus 7 days on ventilator-associated pneumonia (abstract). Respir Care1994;39(11):1108.
10.
TyraJA, NorwoodJA. A two year experience with ten day ventilator circuit change outs (abstract). Respir Care1994;39(11):1107.
11.
HessD.The effect of ventilator circuit change frequency on ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in a large university hospital. Doctoral Dissertation. Mandeville, LA:LaSalle University, 1994.
12.
ReinarzJA, PierceAK, MaysBB, SanfordJP. The potential role of inhalation therapy equipment in nosocomial pulmonary infection. J Clin Invest1965;44:831–839.
13.
LareauSC, RyanKJ, DienerCF. The relationship between frequency of ventilator circuit changes and infectious hazard. Am Rev Respir Dis1978;118:493–496.
14.
CravenDE, KunchesLM, KilinskyV, LichtenbergDA, MakeBJ, McCabeWR. Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis1986;133:792–796.
KacmarekRM, EnglishP, VallendeN, HopkinsCC. Extended use of heated neonatal/pediatric ventilator circuits (abstract). Respir Care1991;36:1287.
17.
RhameFS, StreifelA, McCombC, BoyleM.Bubbling humidifiers produce microaerosols which can carry bacteria. Infect Control1986;7:403–407.
18.
GoularteRA, ManingMT, CravenDE. Bacterial colonization in humidifying cascade humidifiers after 24 and 48 hours of continuous mechanical ventilation. Infect Control1987;8:200–203.
19.
CravenDE, GoularteTA, MakeBJ. Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits. A risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia?Am Rev Respir Dis1984;129:625–628.
20.
GilmourIJ, BoyleMJ, RozenberA, PalahniukRJ. The effect of heated circuits on humidification of inspired gases. Anesth Analg1994;79:160–164.
21.
MiyaoH, HirokawaT, MiyasakaK, KawazoeT.Relative humidity, not absolute humidity, is of great importance when using a humidifier with a heating wire. Crit Care Med1992;20:674–679.
22.
DaschnerF, KappsteinI, SchusterF.Influence of disposable ('Conchapak') and reusable humidifying systems on the incidence of ventilation pneumonia. J Hosp Infect1988;11:161–168.
23.
BransonRD, CampbellRS, DavisK, JohnsonDJ, PorembkaD.Humidification in the intensive care unit. Chest1993;104:1800–1805.
24.
CravenDE, LichtenbergDA, GoularteTA, MakeBJ, McCabeWR. Contaminated medication nebulizers in mechanical ventilator circuits. Am J Med1984;77:834–838.
25.
HessD.How should bronchodilators be administered to patients on ventilators?Respir Care1991;36:377–394.
26.
WeberDJ, WilsonB, RutalaWA, ThomannCA. Manual ventilation bags as a source for bacterial colonization of intubated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis1990;142:892–894.
27.
ThomsonAC, WilderBJ, PownerDJ. Bedside resuscitation bag: a source of bacterial contamination. Infect Control1985;6:231–232.
28.
DeppeSA, KellyW, ThoiLL, ChudyJH, LongfieldRN, DuceyJP, . Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients using a Trach Care™ closed-suction system versus an open-system: prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med1990;18:1389–1393.
BontenMJM, GaillardCA, WoutersEFM, van TielFH, StobberinghEE, van der GeestS.Problems in diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med1994;22:1683–1691.
31.
NiedermanMS, TorresA, SummerW.Invasive diagnostic testing is not needed routinely to manage suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;150:565–569.
