PaluchBR. Misrepresentations in the marketing of heat and moisture exchangers continue (letter). Respir Care1993;38:1031–1034.
2.
ReddingPJ, McWalterPW. Pseudomonas fluorescens cross-infec-tion due to contaminated humidifier water. Br Med J1980;281:275.
3.
RhameFS, StreifelA, McCombC, BoyleM.Bubbling humidifiers produce microaerosols which can carry bacteria. Infect Control1986; 7:403–407.
4.
CravenDE, GoularteTA, MakeBJ. Contaminated condensate in me-chanical ventilator circuits: a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia?Am Rev Respir Dis1984;129:625–628.
5.
Malecka-GriggsB, ReinhardtDJ. Direct dilution sampling, quantita-tion, and microbial assessment of open-system ventilation circuits in intensive care units. J Clin Micro-biol1983;17:870–877.
6.
Malecka-GriggsB, KennedyC, RossB.Microbial burdens in dis-posable and nondisposable ventila-tor circuits used for 24 and 48 h in intensive care units. J Clin Micro-biol1989;27:495–503.
7.
BjerringP, ObergB.Bacterial con-tamination of compressed air for medical use. Anaesthesia1986;41:148–150.
BabbingtonPCB, BakerAB, JohnstonHH. Retrograde spread of or-ganisms from ventilator to patient via the expiratory limb. Lancet1971;1:61–62.
10.
PaluchBR. Ventilator circuit-change frequency (letter). Respir Care1984;29:308.
11.
CravenD, BarberTW, StegerKA, MontecalvoMA. Nosocomial pneu-monia in the 1990's: update of epi-demiology and risk factors. Semin Respir Infect1990;5:157–172.
12.
CravenDE, StegerKA, BarberTW. Preventing nosocomial pneu-monia: state of the art and per-spectives for the 1990's. Am J Med1991;91(3B):44S–53S.
13.
GallagherJ, StrangewaysJEM, Allt-GrahamJ.Contamination con-trol in long term ventilation: a clin-ical study using a heat- and mois-ture-exchanging filter. Anaesthesia1987;42:476–481.
14.
TenaillonA, CholleyG, BoiteauR, Perrin-GachadoatD, BurdinM.Heat and moisture exchanging bac-terial filter versus heated humidifier in long term mechanical ventila-tion. Care of the Critically Ill1991; 7(12):56–60.
15.
ChalonJ, MarkhamJP, AliMM, RamanathanS, TurndorfH.The Pall Ultipor Breathing Circuit Fil-ter an efficient heat and moisture exchanger. Anesth Analg1984;63:566–570.
16.
BethuneDW. Humidification in ventilated patients. Int Crit Care Di-gest1989;8:37–38.
17.
ShellyMP, LloydGM, ParkGR. A review of the mechanisms and methods of humidification of in-spired gases. Intensive Care Med1988;14:1–9.
18.
ShellyMP. Humidification. Inten-sive Care Rounds1993;1:1–23.
19.
BelkowskiL, BrandweinH.Use of the Pall Heat and Moisture Ex-change Filter (HMEF) with cold humidification. Pall Technical Re-port1992.
20.
EckerbomB, LindholmCE. Per-formance evaluation of six heat and moisture exchangers according to the Draft International Standard (ISO/DIS 9360). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1990;34:404–409.
21.
CohenIL, WeinbergPF, FeinIA, RowinskiGS. Endotracheal tube occlusion associated with the use of heat and moisture exchangers in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med1988;16:277–279.
22.
MartinC, PerrinG, GevaudanMJ, SauxP, GouinF.Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the intensive care unit. Chest1990;97:144–149.
23.
DemersB.Endotracheal tube oc-clusion associated with the use of heat and moisture exchangers in the intensive care unit (letter). Crit Care Med1989;17:845–846.
24.
IppolitoG, SpallanzaniL.Endo-tracheal tube occlusion, use of heat and moisture exchangers, and nos-ocomial pneumonia (letter). Crit Care Med1990;18:348–349.
25.
AARC. Consensus statement on the essentials of mechanical ventila-tion-1992. Respir Care1992;37:1000–1008.
26.
MartinC, PapazianL, AuffrayJP, PerrinG, SauxP, GouinF.Pres-ervation of humidity and heat of respiratory gases in patients with minute ventilation > 10 L/min (ab-stract). Am Rev Respir Dis1993; 147(4, Part 2):A894.
