Humidification of Inspired Gases during Mechanical Ventilation

Chatburn RL , Primiano FP Jr . A rational basis for humidity therapy (editorial). Respir Care 1987;32:249–254.

Branson RD . Humidification of inspired gases during mechanical ventilation. RT 1991;3:55–66.

American Association for Respiratory Care. Consensus statement on the essentials of mechanical ventilators-1992. Respir Care 1992;37:1000–1008.

Branson RD , Campbell RS , Chatburn RL , Covington JL . AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: humidification during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 1992;37:887–890.

Simmons BP , Wong ES . Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Infect Control 1983;11:230–244.

Craven DE , Connolly MG Jr , Lichtenberg DA , Primeau PJ , McCabe WR . Contamination of mechanical ventilators with tubing changes every 24 or 48 hours. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1505–1509.

Grenon J , Armstrong L. Five-day changes for heated wire circuits (abstract). Respir Care 1991;36:1287.

Gallagher J , Strangeways JE , Allt-Graham J. Contamination control in long-term ventilation: a clinical study using a heat-and-moisture-exchanging filter. Anaesthesia 1987;42:476–481.

Dreyfuss D , Djedaini K , Weber P , Brun P , Lanore JJ , Rahmani J , . Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:738–743.

Craven DE , Steger KA , Barat LM , Duncan RA . Nosocomial pneumonia: epidemiology and infection control. Intensive Care Med 1992;18(Suppl 1):S3–S9.

Branson RD , Campbell RS , Davis K Jr , Johnson DJ , Porembka D. Humidification in the intensive care unit. Chest (in press).

English PA , Kacmarek RM , Vallende N , Hopkins CC . Contamination of heated neonatal ventilator circuits (abstract). Respir Care 1990;35:1089.

Grenon J , Armstrong L. Five-day changes for heated-wire circuits (abstract). Respir Care 1991;36:1287.

Kacmarek RM , English P , Vallende N , Hopkins CC . Extended use of heated neonatal/pediatric ventilator circuits (HNVC) (abstract). Respir Care 1991;36:1287.

Reinarz JA , Pierce AK , Mays DB , Sanford JP . The potential role of inhalation-therapy equipment in nosocomial pulmonary infection. J Clin Invest 1965;44:831–839.

Cabrera HA . An outbreak of Serratia marcescens, and its control. Arch Intern Med 1969;123:650–655.

Mertz JJ , Scharer L , McClement JH . A hospital outbreak of klebsiella pneumonia from inhalation therapy with contaminated aerosol solutions. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967;95:454–460.

Craven DE , Goularte TA , Make BJ . Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits: a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia? Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:625–628.

Christopher KL , Saravolatz LD , Bush TL , Conway WA . The potential role of respiratory therapy equipment in cross infection: a study using a canine model for pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:271–275.

Craven DE , Lichtenberg DA , Goularte TA , Make BJ , McCabe WR . Contaminated medication nebulizers in mechanical ventilator circuits: source of bacterial aerosols. Am J Med 1984;77:834–838.

Roustan JP , Kienlen J , Aubas P , Aubas S , du Cailar J. Comparison of hydrophobic heat and moisture exchangers with heated humidifier during prolonged mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1992;18:97–100.

Martin C , Perrin G , Gevaudan MJ , Saux P , Gouin F. Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the intensive care unit. Chest 1990;97:144–149.

Misset B , Escudier B , Rivara D , Leclercq B , Nitenberg G. Heat and moisture exchanger vs heated humidifier during long-term mechanical ventilation: a prospective randomized study. Chest 1991;100:160–163.

Cross AS , Roup B. Role of respiratory assistance devices in endemic nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Med 1981;70:681–685.

Eckerbom B , Lindholm CE . Performance evaluation of six heat and moisture exchangers according to the Draft International Standard (ISO/DIS 9360). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:404–409.

Eckerbom B , Lindholm CE . Laboratory evaluation of heat and moisture exchangers. assessment of the Draft International Standard (ISO/DIS 9360) in practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:291–295.

Branson RD , Hurst JM . Laboratory evaluation of moisture output of seven airway heat and moisture exchangers. Respir Care 1987;32:741–747.

Shelly MP , Bethune DW , Latimer RD . A comparison of five heat and moisture exchangers. Anaesthesia 1986;41:527–532.

Weeks DB , Ramsey FM . Laboratory investigation of six artificial noses for use during endotracheal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1983;62:758–763.

Bickler PE , Sessler DI . Efficiency of airway heat and moisture exchangers in anesthetized humans. Anesth Analg 1990;71:415–418.

Cohen IL , Weinberg PF , Fein IA , Rowiniski GS . Endotracheal tube occlusion associated with the use of heat and moisture exchangers in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1988;16:277–279.

Suzukawa M , Usuda Y , Numata K. The effects on sputum characteristics of combining an unheated humidifier with a heat-moisture exchanging filter. Respir Care 1989;34:976–984.

Allen E. Abnormalities in temperature regulation. In: Blumer JL , editor. A practical guide to pediatric intensive care, 3rd ed. Chicago: Mosby-Year book; 1990:126–135.

Horvath AL . Conversion tables of units for science and engineering. New York: Elsevier; 1986.

Walker JEC , Wells RE Jr , Merrill EW . Heat and water exchange in the respiratory tract. Am J Med 1961;30:259–267.

Varene P. Computation of respiratory heat exchanges. J Appl Physiol 1986;61:1586–1589.

Lloyd EL , Conliffe NA , Orgel H , Walker PN . Accidental hypothermia: an apparatus for central rewarming as a first aid measure. Scott Med J 1972;17:83–91.

Collins ML , Steinman AM , Chaney RD . Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of practical rewarming methods. Aviat Space Environ Med 1977;48:625–632.

Hayward JS , Steinman AM . Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of inhalation rewarming. Aviat Space Environ Med 1975;46:1236–1240.

Hayward JS , Eckerson JD , Kemna D. Thermal and cardiovascular changes during three methods of resuscitation from mild hypothermia. Resuscitation 1984;11:21–33.

Morrison JB , Conn ML , Hayes PA . Influence of respiratory heat transfer on thermogenesis and heat storage after cold immersion. Clin Sci 1982;63:127–135.

Guild WJ . Rewarming via the airway (CBRW) for hypothermia in the field? JR Nav Med Serv 1978;64:186–193.

Marcus P. Laboratory comparison of technique for rewarming hypothermic casualties. Aviat Space Environ Med 1978;49:692–697.

Romet TT , Hoskin RW . Temperature and metabolic responses to inhalation and bath rewarming protocols. Aviat Space Environ Med 1988;59:630–634.

Sant' Ambrogio G , Mathew OP , Sant' Ambrogio FB , Fisher JT . Laryngeal cold receptors. Respir Physiol 1985;59:35–44.

Ingelstedt S. Studies on conditioning of air in the respiratory tract. Acta Otolaryngol 1956;131(Suppl):1–71.

Dery R , Pelletier J , Jaques A , Clavet M , House JJ . Humidity in anesthesiology: heat and moisture patterns in the respiratory tract during anesthesia with the semi-closed system. Can Anaesth Soc J 1967;14:287–298.