AARC Clinical Practice Guideline

Burton GG , Hodgkin JE , Ward JJ , eds. Respiratory care: a guide to clinical practice, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1991:498–502.

Fuchs PL . Streamlining your suctioning techniques. Part I. Nasotracheal suctioning. Nursing 1984;14:55–61.

Demers RR . Management of the airway in the perioper-ative period. Respir Care 1984;29:529–536.

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Demers RR , Saklad M. Minimizing harmful effects of mechanical aspiration. Heart Lung 1973;2:542.

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Demers RR , Saklad M. Mechanical aspiration: a reap-praisal of its hazards. Respir Care 1975;20:661–666.

Hoffman LA , Maszkiewicz RC . Airway management for the critically ill patient. Am J Nurs 1987;87:39–53.

Lough MD , Doershuk CF , Stern RC . Pediatric respira-tory therapy, 3rd ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Pub-lishers, 1985:125.

Carroll P. Safe suctioning. Nursing 1989;19:49–51.

Jung RC , Gottlieb LS . Comparison of tracheobronchial suction catheters in humans. Chest 1976;69:179–181.

Landa J , Kwoka M , Chapman G , Brito M , Sackner M. Effects of suctioning on mucociliary transport. Chest 1980;77:202–207.

Sackner MA , Landa JF , Greeneltch N , Robinson MJ . Pathogenesis and prevention of tracheobronchial dam-age with suction procedures. Chest 1973;64:284–290.

Riegel B , Forshee T. A review and critique on preoxy-genation for endotracheal suctioning. Heart Lung 1985; 14:507–518.

Demers RR . Complications of endotracheal suctioning procedures. Respir Care 1982;27:453–457.

LeFrock JL , Klainer AS , Wu H-W , Turndorf H. Tran-sient bacteremia associated with nasotracheal suction-ing. JAMA 1976;236:1610–1611.

Touloukian RJ , Beardsley GP , Ablow RC , Effman EL . Traumatic perforation of the pharynx in the newborn. Pediatrics 1977;59:1019–1022.

Wanner A , Zighelboim A , Sackner MA . Nasopharyn-geal airway: a facilitated access to the trachea. Ann Intern Med 1971;75:593.

Simbruner G , Coradello H , Fodor M , Havelec L , Lubec G , Pollak A. Effect of tracheal suction on oxygenation, circulation and lung mechanics in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child 1981;56:326–330.

Naigow D , Powaser MM . The effect of different endo-tracheal suction procedures on arterial blood gases in a con-trolled experimental model. Heart Lung 1977;6:808–816.

Perlman JM , Volpe JJ . Suctioning in the pre-term: effects on cerebral blood flow velocity, intracranial pressure, and arterial blood pressure. Pediatrics 1983;72:329–334.

Fox WW , Schwartz BS , Shaffer TH . Pulmonary physio-therapy in neonates: physiologic changes and respira-tory management. J Pediatr 1978;92:977–981.

Scanlon CL , Spearman CB , Sheldon RL , Egan DF , eds. Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care, 5th edition. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1990:483–486.

Cordero L , Hon EH . Neonatal bradycardia following nasopharyngeal simulation. J Pediatr 1971;78:441–447.

Larson RP , Ingalls-Severn KJ , Wright JR , Kiviat NC , Maunder RJ . Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneu-monia by respiratory care practitioners: advantages of a nasotracheal suctioning method over sputum induction. Respir Care 1989;34:249–253.

Fisher DM , Frewen T , Swedlow DB . Increase in intra-cranial pressure during suctioning stimulation vs rise io PaCO2. Anesthesiology 1982;57:416–417.

Parsons LC , Shogan JS . The effects of the endotracheal tube suctioning/manual hyperinflation procedure on patients with severe closed head injuries. Heart Lung 1984;13:372–380.

Peterson GM , Pierson DJ , Hunter PM . Arterial oxygen saturation during nasotracheal suctioning. Chest 1979; 76:283–287.

Petty TL . Intensive and rehabilitative respiratory care, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1982:30–33,154.

Curran JF , Stanek KS , Kacmarek RM . Portable airway-suction systems: a comparison of performance. Respir Care 1991;36:259–266.

Bostick J , Wendelgass ST . Normal saline instillation as part of the suctioning procedure: effects on PaO2 and amount of secretions. Heart Lung 1987;16:532–537.

Langrehr EA , Woodburn SC , Guthrie MP . Oxygen insufflation during endotracheal suctioning. Heart Lung 1981;10:1028–1036.

Jacquette G. To reduce hazards of tracheal suction. Am J Nurs 1971;71:2362–2364.

Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Final Rule. Federal Register 1991;56:64175–64182.

Centers for Disease Control . Update: Universal Pre-cautions for prevention of transmission of human immu-nodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other blood-borne pathogens in health care settings. MMWR 1988;37:377–399.

McFadden R. Decreasing respiratory compromise dur-ing infant suctioning. Am J Nurs 1981;81:2158–2161.