CopeO.Management of the Coconut Grove burns at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Ann Surg1943;117:801–802.
2.
AubJC, PittmanH, BruesAM. The pulmonary com-plications: a clinical description. Ann Surg1943;117:834–841.
3.
FinlandM, DavidsonCS, LevensonSM. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of conflagration injuries to res-piratory tract sustained by victims of Coconut Grove disaster. Medicine1946;25:215.
4.
PruittBAJr, FlemmaRJ, DiVincentiFC, FoleyFD, MasonADJr, YoungWGJr. Pulmonary complications in burn patients: a comparative study of 697 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1970;59:7–20.
HaponikEF, MunsterAM, eds. Respiratory injury: smoke inhalation and burns. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
13.
PruittBAJr, DiVincentiFC, MasonADJr, FoleyFD, FlemmaRJ. The occurrence and significance of pneu-monia and other pulmonary complications in burned patients: a comparison of conventional and topical treat-ments. J Trauma1970;10:519–531.
14.
ShiraniKZ, PruittBAJr, MasonADJr. The influence of inhalation injury and pneumonia on burn mortality. Ann Surg1987;205:82–87.
15.
MarshallWGJr, DimickAR. The natural history of major burns with multiple subsystem failure. J Trauma1983;23:102–105.
16.
DemlingRH. Burns. N Engl J Med1985;313:1389–1398.
17.
DeitchEA. The management of burns. N Engl J Med1990;323(18):1249–1253.
18.
ThompsonPB, HerndonDN, TraberDL, AbstronS.Effect on mortality of inhalation injury. J Trauma1986; 26:163–165.
19.
VivoriE, CudmoreRE. Management of airway com-plications of burns in children. Br Med J1977;2:1462–1464.
20.
AnousMM, HeimbachDM. Causes of death and pre-dictors in burned patients more than 60 years of age. J Trauma1986;26:135–139.
21.
ZikriaBA, BuddDC, FlochF, FerrerJM. What is clin-ical smoke poisoning?Ann Surg1975;181:151–156.
22.
DresslerDP. Laboratory background on smoke inhala-tion. J Trauma1979;19(11, Suppl):913–915.
23.
DaviesJW. Toxic chemicals versus lung tissue-an aspect of inhalation injury revisited. J Burn Care Reha-bil1986;7:213–222.
24.
ZawackiBE, JungRC, JoyceJ, RinconE.Smoke, burns, and the natural history of inhalation injury in fire victims: a correlation of experimental and clinical data. Ann Surg1977;185:100–110.
25.
TerrillJB, MontgomeryRR, ReinhardtCF. Toxic gases from fires. Science1978;200:1343–1347.
26.
BowesPC. Smoke and toxicity hazards of plastics in fires. Ann Occup Hyg1974;17:143–157.
27.
MoritzAR, HenriquesFC, MacLeanR.The effects of inhaled heat on the air passages and lungs: an experi-mental investigation. Am J Pathol1945;21:311–331.
28.
TaylorRF, BernardGR. Airway complications from free-basing cocaine. Chest1989;95:476–477.
29.
SummerW, HaponikEF. Inhalation of irritant gases. Clin Chest Med1987;1:121–143.
30.
WaldPH, BalmesJR. Respiratory effects of short-term, high-intensity toxic inhalations: smoke, gases, and fumes. J Intensive Care Med1987;2:260–278.
ClarkCJ, CampbellD, ReidWH. Blood car-boxyhaemoglobin and cyanide levels in fire survivors. Lancet1981;1:1332–1335.
33.
BaudFJ, BarriotP, ToffisV, RiouB, VicautE, Lecar-pentierY, . Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med1991;325:1761–1766.
34.
ZikiraBA, WestonGC, ChodoffAM, FerrerJM. Smoke and carbon monoxide poisoning in fire victims. J Trauma1972;12:641–645.
35.
DyerRF, EschVH. Polyvinyl chloride toxicity in fires: hydrogen chloride toxicity in fire fighters. JAMA1976;235:393–397.
36.
BurkeJF. The sequence of events following smoke inhalation. J Trauma1981;21:721–722.
37.
LokeJ, PaulE, VirgultoJA, SmithGJ. Rabbit lung after acute smoke inhalation: cellular responses and scanning electron microscopy. Arch Surg1984;119:956–959.
38.
LinaresHA, HerndonDN, TraberDL. Sequence of morphologic events in experimental smoke inhalation. J Burn Care Rehabil1989;10:27–37.
39.
DemlingRH, NiehausG, PereaA, WillJA. Effect of burn-induced hypoproteinemia on pulmonary transvas-cular fluid filtration rate. Surgery1979;85:339–343.
40.
TraberDL, LinaresHA, HerndonDN, PrienT.The pathophysiology of inhalation injury a review. Burns1988;14:357–364.
41.
HerndonDH, TraberDL, NichausGD, . The pathophysiology of smoke inhalation in a sheep model. J Trauma1981;24:1044–1051.
42.
TraberDL, SchlagG, RedlH, TraberLD. Pulmonary edema and compliance changes following smoke inhala-tion. J Burn Care Rehabil1985;6:490–494.
43.
DemlingRH, LaLondeC, LiuYP, ZhuDG. The lung inflammatory response to thermal injury: relationship between physiologic and histologic changes. Surgery1989;106:52–59.
44.
TillGO, HatherillJR, TourtellotteWW, LutzMJ, WardPA. Lipid peroxidation and acute lung injury after ther-mal trauma to skin: evidence of a role for hydroxyl rad-ical. Am J Pathol1985;119:376–384.
45.
DaryaniR, LaLondeC, ZhuD, WeidnerM, KnoxJ, DemlingRH. Effect of endotoxin and a burn injury on lung and liver lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. J Trauma1990;30:1330–1334.
46.
TillGO, BeauchampC, MenapaceD, TourtellotteWJr, KunkelR, JohnsonKJ, . Oxygen radical dependent lung damage following thermal injury of rat skin. J Trauma1983;23:269–277.
47.
WardPA, JohnsonKJ, TillGO. Oxygen radicals and microvascular injury of lungs and kidney. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl1986;548:79–85.
48.
DemlingRH, WongC, JinL, HechtmanH, LaLondeC, WestK.Early lung dysfunction after major burns: role of edema and vasoactive mediators. J Trauma1985;25:959–966.
49.
ThorningDR, HowardML, HudsonLD, SchumacherRL. Pulmonary responses to smoke inhalation: morpho-logic changes in rabbits exposed to pine wood smoke. Hum Pathol1982;13:355–364.
DemlingRH, WengerH, LalondeCC, HechtmanH, WongC, WestK.Endotoxin-induced prostanoid pro-duction by the burn wound can cause distant lung dys-function. Surgery1986;99:421–431.
52.
HarmsBA, BodaiBI, SmithM, GuntherR, FlynnJ, DemlingRH. Prostaglandin release and altered micro-vascular integrity after burn injury. J Surg Res1981;31:274–280.
53.
QuinnDA, RobinsonD, JungW, HalesCA. Role of sul-fidopeptide leukotrienes in synthetic smoke inhalation injury in sheep. J Appl Physiol1990;68:1962–1969.
54.
KatzA, RyanP, LalondeC, WestK, DemlingR.Top-ical ibuprofen decreases thromboxane release from the endotoxin-stimulated burn wound. J Trama1986;26:157–162.
55.
NiemanGF, ClarkWRJr, WaxSD, WebbSR. The effect of smoke inhalation on pulmonary surfactant. Ann Surg1980;191:171–181.
56.
RobinsonNB, HudsonLD, RobertsonHT, ThorningDR, CarricoCJ, HeimbachDM. Ventilation and per-fusion alterations after smoke inhalation injury. Surgery1981;90:352–363.
57.
PetroffPA, HantnerEW, MasonADJr. Ventilatory pat-terns following burn injury and effect of Sulfamylon. J Trauma1975;15:650–656.
58.
HaponikEF, LykensMG. Acute upper airway obstruc-tion in burned patients. Critical Care Report1990;2:28–49.
59.
WaymackJP, LawE, ParkR, MacMillanBG, Alex-anderJW. Acute upper airway obstruction in the post-burn period. Arch Surg1985;120:1042–1044.
60.
GarlandJS, RiceTB, KellyKJ. Airway burns in an infant following aspiration of microwave-heated tea. Chest1986;90:621–622.
61.
KlabachaM, NelsonH, ParshleyP, MillerS, DeMuthR, PavJ.Carburetor priming: a cause of gasoline burn. J Trauma1985;25:1096–1098.
62.
BascomR, HaponikEF, MunsterAM. Inhalation injury related to use of petrolatum-based hair grease. J Burn Care Rehabil1984;5:327–330.
63.
HaponikEF, MunsterAM, WiseRA, SmithPL, MeyersDA, BrittEJ, . Upper airway function in burn patients: correlation of flow-volume curves and naso-pharyngoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis1984;129:251–257.
64.
HaponikEF, MeyersDA, MunsterAM, SmithPL, BrittEJ, WiseRA, . Acute upper airway injury in burn patients: serial changes of flow-volume curves and naso-pharyngoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis1987;135:360–366.
65.
ClarkWF, BonaventuraM, MyersW.Smoke inhalation and airway management at a regional burn unit 1974-1983. Part I: Diagnosis and consequences of smoke inhalation. J Burn Care Rehabil1989;10:52–62.
66.
ClarkWR, BonaventuraM, MyersW, KellmanR.Smoke inhalation and airway management at a regional burn unit 1974-1983. Part II: Airway management. J Burn Care Rehabil1990;11:121–134.
67.
MathruM, VenusB, RaoTLK, MatsudaT.Noncardiac pulmonary edema precipitated by tracheal intubation in patients with inhalation injury. Crit Care Med1983;11:804–806.
68.
LorchDG, SahnSA. Post-extubation pulmonary edema following anesthesia induced by upper airway obstruc-tion: are certain patients at increased risk?Chest1986;90:802–805.
TranbaughRF, LewisFR, ChristensenJM, ElingsVB. Lung water changes after thermal injury: the effect of crystalloid resuscitation and sepsis. Ann Surg1980;192:479–490.
71.
HerndonDN, BarrowRE, TraberDL, RutanTC, RutanRL, AbstonS.Extravascular lung water changes fol-lowing smoke inhalation and massive burn injury. Sur-gery1987;102:341–349.
HerndonDN, BarrowRE, LinaresHA, RutanRL, PrienT, TraberLD, . Inhalation injury in burned patients: effects and treatment. Burns1988;14:349–356.
74.
MoylanJA, AlexanderLGJr. Diagnosis and treatment of inhalation injury. World J Surg1978;2:185–191.
75.
PruittBAJr, CioffiWG, ShimazuT, IkeuchiH, MasonADJr. Evaluation and management of patients with inhalation injury. J Trauma1990;30(Suppl):S63–S68.
76.
ClarkCJ, ReidWH, GilmourWH, CampbellD.Mortal-ity probability in victims of fire trauma: revised equa-tion to include inhalation injury. Br Med J1986;292:1303–1305.
77.
PhillipsAW, TannerJW, CopeO.Burn therapy: Part IV. Respiratory tract damage (an account of the clinical, x-ray and postmortem findings) and the meaning of rest-lessness. Ann Surg1963;158:799–811.
78.
WroblewskiDA, BowerGC. The significance of facial burns in acute smoke inhalation. Crit Care Med1979;7:335–338.
79.
HaponikEF, MunsterAM. Diagnosis, classification, and impact of inhalation injury. In: HaponikEF, Mun-sterAM, eds. Respiratory injury: smoke inhalation and burns. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
80.
PhillipsAW, CopeO.Burn therapy III: Beware the facial burn. Ann Surg1962;156:759–766.
81.
BarlettRH, NiccoleM, TavisMJ, AllynPA, FurnasDW. Acute management of the upper airway in facial burns and smoke inhalation. Arch Surg1976;111:744–749.
MoylanJA, AdibK, BirnbaumM.Fiberoptic bron-choscopy following thermal injury. Surg Gynecol Obstet1975;140:541–543.
92.
WannerA, CutchavareeA.Early recognition of upper airway obstruction following smoke inhalation. Am Rev Respir Dis1983;108:1421–1423.
93.
ClarkCJ, ReidWH, TelferABM, CampbellD.Res-piratory injury in the burned patient: the role of flexible bronchoscopy. Anaesthesia1983;38:35–39.
94.
HeadJM. Inhalation injury in burns. Am J Surg1980;139:508–512.
95.
BinghamHG, GallagherTJ, PowellMD. Early bron-choscopy as a predictor of ventilatory support for burned patients. J Trauma1987;27:1286–1288.
96.
LeeKC, WeedmanD, PetersWJ. Use of fiberoptic bronchoscope to change endotracheal tubes in patients with burned airways: case report. J Burn Care Rehabil1986;7:348–350.
97.
SchneiderW, BergerA, MailanderP, TempkaA.Diag-nostic and therapeutic possibilities for fiberoptic bron-choscopy in inhalation injury. Burns1988;14:53–57.
98.
RogersSN, BenumofJL. New and easy techniques for fiberoptic endoscopy-aided tracheal intubation. Anes-thesiology1983;59:569–572.
99.
LykensMG, HaponikEF, MeredithJW, BassDA. Bronchial epithelial cell damage after inhalation injury: assessment by bronchoalveolar lavage. Chest1991;100(Suppl):12S.
100.
LykensMG, HaponikEF, MeredithJW, BassDA. Neu-trophil (PMN) sequestration and lung permeability after burn injury: assessment by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis1991;143(4, Part 2):A582.
101.
MoylanJA, WilmoreDW, MoultonDE, PruittBA. Early diagnosis of inhalation injury using Xenon lung scan. Ann Surg1972;176:477.
102.
AgeeRN, LongJMIII, HuntJL, PetroffPA, LullRJ, MasonADJr, . Use of 133 xenon in early diagnosis of inhalation injury. J Trauma1976;16:218–224.
103.
SchallGL, McDonaldHD, CarrLB, CapozziA.Xenon ventilation-perfusion lung scans: the early diagnosis of inhalation injury. JAMA1978;240:2441–2445.
104.
WhitenerDR, WhitenerLM, RobertsonKJ, BaxterCR, PierceAK. Pulmonary function measurement in patients with thermal injury and smoke inhalation. Am Rev Respir Dis1980;122:731–739.
105.
DemlingRH, CrawfordG, LindL, ReadT.Restrictive pulmonary dysfunction caused by the grafted chest and abdominal burn. Crit Care Med1988;16:743–747.
106.
QuinbyWCJr. Restrictive effects of thoracic burns in children. J Trauma1972;12:646–655.
107.
EpsteinBS, RudmanHL, HardyDL. Comparison of orotracheal intubation with tracheostomy for anesthesia in patients with face and neck burns. Anesth Analg1966;45:352–359.
108.
EckauserFE, BilloteJ, BurkeJF, QuinbyWC. Trach-eostomy complicating massive burn injury: a plea for conservatism. Am J Surg1974;127:418–423.
109.
HuntJL, PurdueGF, GunningT.Is tracheostomy war-ranted in the burn patient? Indications and complica-tions. J Burn Care Rehabil1986;7:492–495.
110.
TolmieJD, JoyceTH, MitchellGD. Succinylcholine danger in the burned patient. Anesthesiology1967;28:467–470.
111.
BushGH, GrahamHAP, LittlewoodAHM, . Dan-ger of suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation in anaesthesia for burns. Br Med J1962;2:1081–1085.
112.
ColiceGL, MunsterAM, HaponikEF. Tracheal stenosis complicating cutaneous burns: an underestimated prob-lem. Am Rev Respir Dis1986;134:1315–1318.
113.
LundT, GoodwinCW, McManusWF, ShiraniKZ, StallingsRJ, MasonADJr, . Upper airway sequelae in burn patients requiring endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Ann Surg1985;201:374–382.
114.
KatlicMR, BurkeJF. Severe low-pressure cuff tracheal injury in burn patients. Intensive Care Med1981;7:89–92.
115.
JonesWG, MaddenM, FinkelsteinJ, YurtRW, Good-winCW. Tracheostomies in burn patients. Ann Surg1989;209:471–474.
116.
GordonMD, ed. Burn care protocols: anchoring endo-tracheal tubes on patients with facial burns. J Burn Care Rehabil1987;8:233–237.
117.
KemperKJ, BensonMS, BishopMJ. Predictors of post-extubation stridor in pediatric trauma patients. Crit Care Med1991;19(3):352–355.
118.
CurtisJL, MahlmeisterM, FinkJB, LampeG, MatthayMA, StulbargMS. Helium-oxygen gas therapy: use and availability for the emergency treatment of inoperable airway obstruction. Chest1986;90:455–457.
119.
WeaverLK. Hyperbaric treatment of respiratory emer-gencies. Respir Care1992 (in press).
GabbG, RobinED. Hyperbaric oxygen: a therapy in search of disease. Chest1987;92:1074–1082.
122.
BourtrosAR, HoytJL. Management of carbon monox-ide poisoning in the absence of hyperbaric oxygenation chamber. Crit Care Med1976;4:144–147.
123.
RaphaelJC, ElkharratD, Jars-GuincestreMC, ChastangC, ChaslesV, VerckenJB, . Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet1989;2:414–419.
124.
WaxmanK.Toward a re-evaluation of burn resus-citation (editorial). Crit Care Med1989;17:1077.
125.
ClarkWRJr, NiemanGF, GoyetteD, GryzboskiD.Effects of cystalloid on lung fluid balance after smoke inhalation. Ann Surg1988;208:56–64.
126.
GoodwinCW, DorethyJ, LamV, PruittBAJr. Ran-domized trial of efficacy of crystalloid and colloid resuscitation on hemodynamic response and lung water following thermal injury. Ann Surg1983;197:520–531.
127.
DemlingRH. Burns: fluid and electrolyte management. Crit Care Clin1985;1:27–45.
128.
NavarPD, SaffleJR, WardenGD. Effect of inhalation injury on fluid resuscitation requirements after thermal injury. Am J Surg1985;150(6):716–720.
129.
ScheulenJJ, MunsterAM. The Parkland formula in patients with burns and inhalation injury. J Trauma1982;22:869–871.
130.
ShimazakiS, YukiokaT, MatudaH.Fluid distribution and pulmonary dysfunction following burn shock. J Trauma1991;31(5):623–628.
131.
DriesDJ, WaxmanK.Adequate resuscitation of burn patients may not be measured by urine output and vital signs. Crit Care Med1991;19(3):327–329.
132.
VenusB, MatsudaT, CopiozoJB, MathruM.Pro-phylactic intubation and continuous positive airway pressure in the management of inhalation injury in burn victims. Crit Care Med1981;9:519–523.
133.
DaviesLK, PoultonTJ, ModellJH. Continuous positive airway pressure is beneficial in treatment of smoke inha-lation. Crit Care Med1983;11:726–729.
134.
JinLJ, LalondeC, DemlingRH. Effect of anesthesia and positive pressure ventilation on early postburn hemodynamic instability. J Trauma1986;26:26–33.
135.
CioffiWGJr, RueLWIII, GravesTA, McManusWF, MasonADJr, PruittBAJr. Prophylactic use of high-frequency percussive ventilation in patients with inhala-tion injury. Ann Surg1991;213(6):575–582.
136.
WoottonR, HodgsonE.Physiotherapy in treatment of burns with inhalation involvement. Physiotherapy1977;63:153.
137.
BrownJM. Respiratory complications in burned patients. Physiotherapy1977;63:151–153.
138.
HessD, NikhileshwerNA, MyersCL. Positioning, lung function, and kinetic bed therapy. Respir Care1992;37:181–197.
139.
DesaiMH, BrownM, MlcakR, . Reduction of smoke-induced lung injury with dimethysulfoxide and heparin treatment. Surg Forum1985;36:103–104.
140.
DesaiMH, BrownM, MlcakR, . Nebulization treat-ment of smoke inhalation injury in sheep model with dimethysulfoxide, heparin combination and N-ace-tylcysteine (abstract). Crit Care Med1986;14:321.
StewartRJ, YamaguchiKT, KnostPM, MasonSW, RoshdiehBB, SamadaniS, . Effects of ibuprofen on pulmonary oedema in an animal smoke inhalation model. Burns1990;16(6):409–413.